1. NON-CHLORIDE WINTER DEICERS

2. Publicly Available Non-Chloride Deicers
Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA)
Working temperature: + 20°F (-7°C)
Rate of liquid application – Anti-icing GAL/LM – Deice – GAL/LM
(.5-1 gallon/1000 Ft²)
Rate dry – # LANE MILE (10-25#/1000 FT²)
Contains no chlorides. Safest deicer for new concrete.
97% Anhydrous Sodium Acetate (NAAC)
Working temperature: + 0°F (-18°C)
Pelleted only
Spread – 200#-500# LANE MILE (7-20# per 1000 Ft²)
Contains no chloride. Used in salt sensitive areas – airport runways, bridges, parking garages, doorways, sidewalks, etc.
Committee on the
Comparative Costs of Rock Salt and
Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA)
for Highway Deicing
Transportation Research Board
National Research Council
Washington, D.C. 1991
From Cryotech -2010

3. Publicly Available Non-Chloride Deicers
Potassium Acetate (KA)
Most widely used for airfield deicing – FAA approved
Dry or Aqueous Application
Contains no chlorides. Environmentally acceptable alternative to Urea.
Others
Sodium Formate
Potassium Formate

4. General Concerns COST BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND TOXICITY
5x-10x MORE EXPENSIVE THAN CONVENTIONAL DEICERS
BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
VARYING RESULTS BUT ALL HAVE POTENTIAL FOR SOME IMPACT
TOXICITY
GENERALLY LESS THAN CHLORIDE-BASED DEICERS

5. CASE STUDY WOODARD & CURRAN OFFICE, PORTLAND, ME
1 acre of parking, driveway and roadways – 500 linear feet of sidewalk to remote lot
Source: Relative Contribution of Each Source
to the Total Salt Imports to the Watershed
Policy-Porcupine Brook Chloride TMDL
April 18, 2008

6. CASE STUDY Spot Application Modification 2 - 55 lbs. Bags Per Storm
15 Storms – 30 bags per winter (1650 lbs) of $14.65 per bag
Replace with CMA at $48 per bag
Reduces overall annual chloride application by 15% with increase of cost of $1100

7. CAN WE MAKE IT CHEAPER?
The economics of using CMA instead of salt were evaluated in a congressionally mandated study conducted by the Transportation Research Board (TRB). While a clearcut, economic evaluation was not made in this study, the investigators concluded that CMA use should be restricted to specialized applications on bridges, bridge approaches, and overpasses -- at least in the near term. [4] After the TRB study, FHWA teamed with several state highway agencies to sponsor two pooled-fund studies to investigate ways to produce CMA at a lower cost.
This article summarizes the results of significant studies pertaining to CMA use, the environmental aspects of using CMA, and relevant federal legislation.
Production, Properties, and Performance
Two production methods were investigated: one by Bioengineering Resources Inc. and the other by Ohio State University.[5,6]
Bioengineering Resources Inc. (BRI) developed a gasification/fermentation process for producing CMA from domestic wastes, such as municipal refuse and sewage sludge. Figure 1 shows the process of gasifying wastes to produce syngas -- carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. The syngas mixture, in liquid medium, is processed (fermented) using a suitable proprietary bacterium. Acetic acid is produced, extracted, and reacted with dolomitic lime to produce CMA. The CMA product is then dried and pelletized. Details regarding CMA's compositional analysis and properties (ice melting, penetration, and eutectics) are given in BRI's final report, but it is sufficient to say that the properties that were measured compared favorably with commercially available CMA (Cryotech [CMA.sup.TM]).
Shang-Tian Yang , *, a, Hui Zhua, Vivian P. Lewisa and I-Ching Tanga
aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
This CMA solution can then be dried to form the granular CMA deicer. About 40 tons CMA can be produced from a plant processing 1.5 million lbs whey permeate per day, at a cost of $215/ton. The total capital investment is estimated at 7 million dollars, with a return rate of less than 1.5 years at the current market price of $600/ton.