1. PCR Machine

2. Multiplex PCR Sensitivities to levels less than 1 ng of DNA
Over 10 Markers Can Be Copied at Once
Ability to Handle Mixtures and Degraded Samples
Different Fluorescent Dyes Used to Distinguish STR Alleles with Overlapping Size Ranges

3. How PCR works

4. Capillary electrophoresis with multi-color detection capabilities
ABI PRISM® 310 Genetic Analyzer
Automated gel pouring
Automated sample injection
Capillary electrophoresis with multi-color detection capabilities

5. A case of DNA Match Inclusion
Suspected
Control

6. DNA Profiling
CAN’T ESCAPE DNA TEST

7. DNA Examinations In the Absence of Mother or Father’s Biological Sample
Mt-DNA Analysis
Y-Chromosome DNA Analysis

8. Human Genome 23 Pairs of Chromosomes + mtDNA
Located in cell nucleus
X Y
Autosomes
2 copies per cell
Located in mitochondria (multiple copies in cell cytoplasm)
mtDNA
16,569 bp
Mitochondrial DNA
Figure 2.3 The human genome contained in every cell consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes and a small circular genome known as mitochondrial DNA. Chromosomes 1-22 are numbered according to their relative size and occur in single copy pairs within a cell’s nucleus with one copy being inherited from one’s mother and the other copy coming from one’s father. Sex-chromosomes are either X,Y for males or X,X for females. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from one’s mother and is located in the mitochondria with hundreds of copies per cell. Together the nuclear DNA material amounts to over 3 billion base pairs (bp) while mitochondrial DNA is only about 16,569 bp in length.
Sex-chromosomes
Nuclear DNA
3.2 billion bp
100s of copies per cell

9. *Minimal haplotype loci names are hyperlinked to STR fact sheets

10. (passed on complete, but only by sons)
Lineage Markers
Autosomal
(passed on in part,
from all ancestors)
Figure 9.1 Illustration of inheritance patterns from recombining autosomal genetic markers and the lineage markers from the Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA.
Y-Chromosome
(passed on complete, but only by sons)
Mitochondrial
(passed on complete,
but only by daughters)

11. Tracing paternal lineage

12. Y Chromosome STR Marker Study
For Tracing Paternal Lineages
Forensically Important Markers: DYS389 (I and II), DYS390, DYS19, DYS385, DYS391, DYS392

13. Modern Use of Y-STR Testing
Captured December 13, 2003
Uday and Qusay Hussein
Killed July 22, 2003
Matching Y-STR Haplotype Used to Confirm Identity
(along with allele sharing from autosomal STRs)
Is this man really Sadaam Hussein?

14. A CASE STUDY
FATHER
Son-I
Son-II
Son-III
MISSING

15. LADDER
QUESTIONED EXHIBIT
FATHER
Electropherogram
SON-I
SON-II

16. NATIONAL DNA ANALYSIS CENTER CENTRAL FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY
Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India
30 Gorachand Road, Park Circus, Kolkata , West Bengal
FORENSIC DNA EXAMINATION REPORT
Report No.: CFSL(K)/EE/2005(M.P.)-XXX Date: XXX 2007

17. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

18. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Cons
Single-cell sensitivity because each cell contains ~1000 mitochondria = very high contamination risk!
Heteroplasmy - more than one mtDNA type manifesting in different tissues in the same individual
Lower power of discrimination - maternal relatives all share the same mtDNA

19. Dynamics of mt-DNA inheritance
Typing a SNP with Microchip

21. THANKS FOR PATIENCE LISTENING

22. After a decade or so…
Here is my
sequence