1. Chapter 14
Lymphatic System
and Immunity

2. A. Structures of the lymphatic system: Lymph vessels and nodes Spleen
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A. Structures of the lymphatic system:
Lymph vessels and nodes
Spleen
Thymus gland
Tonsils and adenoids (MALT)
T and B cells
B. Functions
Protects the body from invaders/pathogens through general and specific immunity.
Transports and recollects fluids
Filters the fluid for harmful particles

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 Lymphatic Pathways
A. Lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic capillaries that merge to form larger lymphatic vessels that empty into the cardiovascular system.

4. B. Lymphatic Capillaries
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B. Lymphatic Capillaries
1. These are tiny, closed-ended tubes that are 1 layer of simple squamous epithelium thick.
2. They receive tissue fluid through their thin walls; once inside, tissue fluid is called lymph.

5. C. Lymphatic Vessels (similar to veins)
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C. Lymphatic Vessels (similar to veins)
1. These are thinner than veins but are constructed with the same three layers with valves on the inside.
2. Larger lymphatic vessels pass through lymph nodes and merge to form lymphatic trunks.
What does trunk indicate????

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D. Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts 1. The lymphatic trunks drain lymph from the body and are named for the regions they drain.
2. These trunks join one of two collecting ducts---either the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct.
Left side

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The thoracic duct drains the left side of the body and both legs into the left subclavian vein.
The right lymphatic duct drains the right upper body into the right subclavian vein.

9. Pg 380

10. Label regions and organs and COLOR what is drained by the right lymphatic duct
Tonsils
Use page
Peyer’s patches

11. Label path of lymph flow5

12. Order these terms to show direction of lymph flow:
Node
Tissue
Duct
Capillary
Subclavian vein
Trunk
Vessel (use this twice )

13. Path of Lymph Flow
TissueCapillaryVesselNodeVesselTrunkDuctSubclavian vein
Left thoracic duct drains the left side of the body and both legs
Right lymphatic duct drains the right upper body

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 Lymph Movement
A. The hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid drives the entry of lymph into lymphatic capillaries.
B. Forces that move lymph include:
skeletal muscle contraction
breathing movements
contraction of smooth muscle
There is no heart pumping the lymph around our body movements are the driving force

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C. A condition that interferes with the flow in lymph will result in edema, or swelling.
(During surgery, lymphatic vessels or tissues may be removed or disturbed, resulting in edema. )

16. Like the opposite of a hill
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 Lymph Nodes
A. Afferent lymphatic vessels- (think arriving) entering on the one side of the node bringing lymph in.
Efferent lymphatic vessels- (think exiting) attach to the indented hilum and lymph leaves this way
Like the opposite of a hill

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B. Located through out the body and named for body regions they are associated with:
(Peyer’s Patches)

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C. Functions of lymph nodes include: filtering and monitoring lymph before returning it to the blood stream. Cells involved are:
Lymphocytes- WBCs that attack specific invading pathogens.
Macrophages- large WBCs that engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells, and debris.

19.  A. Large organs of the Lymphatic system: Thymus and Spleen
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 A. Large organs of the Lymphatic system:
Thymus and Spleen

20. A gland located posterior to the sternum. Contains lymphocytes.
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B. Thymus Gland
A gland located posterior to the sternum.
Contains lymphocytes.
Releases T-Cells that provide immunity once mature.
Secretes hormones that cause T-Cells to mature.

21. C. Spleen-An organ lying posterior and lateral to the stomach.
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C. Spleen-An organ lying posterior and lateral to the stomach.
Contains white pulp, which is similar to lymph nodes and has many lymphocytes (WBCs).
Contains red pulp that surrounds veins to help filter blood and lymph. Has numerous red blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages.

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23. What does the spleen do?

24. stop
Curing HIV?!

25. Lymphatic Filariasis

26.  Body Defenses Against Infection
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 Body Defenses Against Infection
Pathogens are disease-causing agents that can produce infections within the body.
The body has two types of defense against pathogens:
Nonspecific/innate defenses that guard against any pathogen
Specific defenses (Immunity) that mount a response against a very specific target.

27.  Nonspecific Defenses A. Mechanical Barriers (1st line of defense)
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 Nonspecific Defenses
A. Mechanical Barriers (1st line of defense)
Physical barriers like skin, hair and mucous membranes prevent pathogens from entering the body.

28. B. Chemical Barriers (2nd line of defense)
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B. Chemical Barriers (2nd line of defense)
Chemicals in and on the body destroy or inhibit
pathogens (exp. Sweat, tears, oil, gastric juice).
Interferons- are chemicals within cells that are released when a cell becomes infected by a pathogen. Interferons warn non-infected cells, promote resistance, and help prevent viral replication.

29. C. Species Resistance (2nd line of defense)
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C. Species Resistance (2nd line of defense)
A species may be resistant to diseases that affect other species because it has a unique chemical environment or temperature that fails to provide the right conditions for a pathogen.

30. D. Fever (2nd line of defense)
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D. Fever (2nd line of defense)
Your body produces a fever to:
Reduce the amount of iron in blood
Slow bacterial growth.
Increase the activity of
phagocytic cells.

31. E. Inflammation (2nd line of defense)
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E. Inflammation (2nd line of defense)
1. Inflammation, a tissue response to a pathogen, is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain due to:
dilation of blood vessels
increase blood flow to the area
invasion of white blood cells into the area

32. F. Phagocytosis (2nd line of defense)
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F. Phagocytosis (2nd line of defense)
1. The most active phagocytes are neutrophils and monocytes; these leave the bloodstream at areas of injury.
Neutrophils engulf smaller particles
Monocytes attack larger particles.

33. Which innate defenses are 1st line of defense vs. 2nd line of defense?
First line prevent entry
Second line defense occur onces a pathogen has entered the body.

34. What are interferons?

35.  Specific Defenses (Immunity)
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 Specific Defenses (Immunity)
A. The body’s 3rd line of defense is adaptive, specific immunity. This refers to the response mounted by the body against specific foreign antigens recognized in the body.

36.  Specific Defenses Antigen Recognition
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 Specific Defenses
Antigen Recognition
Antigens are proteins on the cell membrane surface, they are like name tags that label cells as “SELF” or “Non-Self”. Lymphocytes develop receptors to identify non-self antigens.

37.  Specific Defenses Lymphocytes T-Cells- mature in the Thymus
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 Specific Defenses
Lymphocytes
T-Cells- mature in the Thymus
B-Cells -produced in bone marrow

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39. Lymphocyte Information
Reading volunteers, at least 6!
Circle key terms
Underline main ideas
Summarize the reading in 2-4 sentences

40. B –Lymphocytes aka B-Cells
These produce lots of antibodies against specific antigens.
The antibodies travel to the blood, lymph, lining of intestines and lungs.
Antibodies stay in the blood but eventually their numbers go down too.

42. Types of T Lymphocytes:
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 Types of T Lymphocytes:
Helper T Cells- Activated when in contact with foreign antigens, then stimulate B cells to make antibodies and activate other T cells.
Cytotoxic T-Cells-recognize and eliminate cancer cells and virally infected cells.
Memory Cells -These cells respond to subsequent (additional exposures in the future) exposure to pathogens and divide to become cytotoxic T-cells and helper T cells.

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45. stop
Cells
Antibodies

46. Immunity What does it mean to be immune to a pathogen???
You have biological defenses against a pathogen, antibodies.

47. Lymphocytes Function Review :
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Lymphocytes Function Review :
Helper T Cells-
Cytotoxic T-Cells
Memory Cells
B Cells

48. Types of T Lymphocytes:
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 Types of T Lymphocytes:
Helper T Cells- Activated when in contact with foreign antigens, then stimulate B cells to make antibodies and activate other T cells.
Cytotoxic T-Cells-recognize and eliminate cancer cells and virally infected cells.
Memory Cells -These cells respond to subsequent (additional exposures in the future) exposure to pathogens and divide to become cytotoxic T-cells and helper T cells.

49. Immune Response to Strep

51. Types of Active immunity
Remember: Lymphocytes are activated by foreign antigens on the surface of pathogens.
Natural active immunity - immunity develops due to an actual infection by a pathogen causing the production of antibodies.
Artificial active immunity – immunity develops after an individual is given a vaccination.
Both of these cause you to produce your own antibodies against the pathogen.

52. Vaccination A preparation containing “antigenic “
material that stimulates a cellular immune
response. It can be:
Whole microorganism
Attenuated (harmless) microorganism
Proteins from a pathogen
Genetically modified organism or protein

53. Passive Immunity Natural passive immunity
A mother’s antibodies pass across the
placenta to the fetus and remain for several
months.
Breast milk, contains lots of antibiodies
which remain on surface of the baby’s
intestinal wall and pass into blood

54. Passive Immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization achieved by the transfer of antibodies, for example human blood plasma is transfused.

55. Summarize the differences between:
Active and passive immunity….
Artificial and natural immunity….

57. In terms of immunity, why do our bodies reject transplanted organs and tissues?
The recipient’s immune system recognize the antigens on the donor organ as foreign.
Immunosuppressive drugs interfere with the recipient’s immune system by reducing the formation of antibodies or T cell production.

58. Allergies
When the immune system responds to harmless antigens, called allergens.
Allergens – antigenic substances which do no real harm
Allergens include: foods, house dust, animal skin, pollen, house dust mite and its feeces

59. Allergies
The immune system produces proteins IgE antibodies against allergens.
Which cells of the immune system produce antibodies?????
In an allergic reaction the immune system makes antibodies that identify an allergen as something harmful, even though it isn't.

60. Allergies
Exposure to specific allergens causes the release of histamines.
Histamine causes blood vessels to widen and become leaky.
Fluid and white blood cells leave capillaries.
The area of leakage becomes hot, red and inflamed

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Autoimmunity
Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system manufactures antibodies against its own antigens. SELF ATTACK! (auto-self)
Autoantibodies-attack “self” tissues!

62. Autoimmunity
These may result from viral infection, faulty T cell development, or reaction to a non-self antigen that bears close resemblance to a self antigen.
Example Diseases:
Lupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, Grave’s disease.