1. Interview & Interrogation

2. Interview – used to gather info & determine the truth
General questions – no Miranda warning; establishing a rapport w/ person
Specific questions – Miranda before you start; more details

3. Techniques Cognitive approach - most common
- enhances recollection of details
- gets interviewee to reconstruct circumstances surrounding incident in different ways
- person may be interviewed several times
- take careful notes
- gain a lot of info and details

4. - in future interviews, observe inconsistencies  leads to interrogation
Interrogation – subject is likely to make incriminating statements or confess
Must be read Miranda before interrogation

5. Interviewing a Child
Make child feel safe and comfortable – allow child a toy or blanket
Have parent or advocate nearby
Videotape interview
Have already prepared questions
Intro & explain what is happening
Child may or may not have to testify in court

6. Interrogation
By detective to gain evidence from an uncooperative source, maybe a confession
Review all previous info, stay calm; can’t be unreasonable
Steps: 1. establish control – tell suspect to sit
2. remind suspect of 5th & 6th Amendment rights
3. show evidence of suspect’s link to crime
4. use body language or words to show interest or disbelief
5. must allow suspect to answer – if lying can catch him in lie later

7. Models
Suspect decision making
Cognitive-behavioral
Psychoanalytical
Emotional
Interaction process

8. Questioning Strategies Why It Works
Figure Interrogation models.
Interrogation Model
Questioning Strategies
Why It Works
Suspect Decision-Making Model
Interrogator offers the options available and the consequences of each.
Suspect weighs pros and cons of confessing; considers all options and consequences; decision to confess lies in perceived consequences
Cognitive-Behavioral Model
Interrogator continues questioning over a period of time until the suspect is less resistant.
Factors such as exhaustion, overwhelming guilt, and isolation may cause someone to confess; relies on fear of isolation or being arrested, or on the suspect's assumption that guilt can be proved
Psychoanalytical Model
Interrogator tells suspect that confessing will lift the burden of guilt and that the suspect will feel better.
Individual feels the need to confess to punish himself/herself; model is unlikely to be used successfully on suspects who are career criminals, as they are unlikely to feel guilt for their actions
Emotional Model
Interrogator allows suspect to shift the blame without escaping legal responsibility.
Suspect simply does not tell the truth to avoid the consequences, such as loss of freedom or social status
Interaction Process Model
Investigator determines the best method to approach the interrogation based on the suspect's background and history and on the facts of the case.
Allows the interrogator to evaluate the suspect and then proceed using one or more of the above models to obtain a confession

9. Signs of Deception Combo of behaviors:
- ex. Biting or licking lips, avoiding eye contact, covering of mouth – hides facial expressions, arms crossed, etc.

10. Reporting info Objectivity – report only facts, no opinion
- accurate and truthful
Includes: name, address, role, etc
Filed throughout investigation
All reports stored for future review