1. Medieval Europe

2. Early Middle Ages c
Low literacy
Settlement of Germanic tribes
Pastoral nomads and subsistence farmers
Led by tribal chieftains
High Middle Ages c
Signs of recovery & organizations
Growth of towns & cities
Trade w/eastern hemisphere reestablished
Class system gets more complex (Merchant class)

3. The Medieval Church
Filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.
United Christian church in East and West Europe until 1054…
Great Schism (East/West Schism)
Papal authority over-rides secular authority
Excommunication
Missionaries/Monasticism – Monks & friars who travel spreading Christian religion and encouraging converts
Literacy – The Church clerics
Tithe- 1/10 tax on assests
Roman Catholic Church
Jurisdiction: Western Europe
Headquarters: Rome
Leader: Pope
Hierarchy within the clergy:
Pope
Cardinals
Bishops
Priests/Monks

4. Medieval Monasticism
provided schools for the children of the upper class.
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
St. Patrick, St. Boniface (missionaries)
St. Benedict (529)
Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

5. Monasteries Monastic Orders: Benedictine Franciscan Dominican
Self- sufficient
Typically under jurisdiction of a Bishop or Cardinal
Leaders are Abbots and
Abbesses (leaders of convents; typically answer to Abbots)
Residents are Monks or Nuns
Monastic Orders:
Benedictine
Franciscan
Dominican

6. Gothic Cathedrals “Lighter” Architecture made possible by:
Pointed Arches
Ribbed Vaults
Rose windows
Stained glass
Flying Buttresses
Pointed Spires

7. Medieval Philosophy
Early Middle Ages- rely on Christianity and combine with Plato
High Middle Ages- rediscover Aristotle
Scholasticism: philosophical and theological approach of the M.A. based on the use of reason/logic to solve theological problems. Based in schools and universities.
Augustine of Hippo-
early rhetorician and later Bishop of Hippo (N. Africa)
Works on evil and human free will
Boethius-
Important for bringing anc. Greek philosophy to M.A.
Anselm-
Provides argumentative theology
Less about study of scriptures and more about doctrine
Peter Abelard
Increases the use of argument and reasoning in theology
Field becomes more rigorous and precise
Theology and Philosophy are more distinguishable
Thomas Aquinas-
Most famous of Medieval philosophers
maintained that reason, unaided by faith, can give us knowledge of God’s existence and an understanding of morality as it is grounded in natural law

8. Medieval Universities

9. Good Morning! Today’s Agenda APQ MA Trade Notes
Quick write (turning in)
Please pick up a marker and your answer document from the back table
Please get out your Trade and Social Change notes
HMWK: Read Chapter 11 and do CW. APQ 11 on Fri 11/11 (B) & 11/14 (A)

10. The Crusades

11. Pope Urban (R.C.C.) & Emperor Alexius (E. Orthodox)
Battle of Manzikert - Seljuk Turks (Muslims) took over Anatolia and were threatening Constantinople.
Emperor Alexius writes to ask Pope Urban II for help
1. Opportunity to expand the influence of the Roman church to the eastern Mediterranean Wants an uninterrupted route for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land European knights were constantly fighting amongst each other and also attacking priests, nuns, and church property. He promised them forgiveness of their sins (rape, murder, stealing)
It was a win/win situation for the Church

12. Pope Urban II Preaching a Crusade, 1096
Emperor Alexius I
For further info on the Crusades, I recommend the following documentary
BBC Crusades. It is 4 parts and hosted by Terry Jones from Monty Python. If you can find it, watch episodes 1 and 2.

13. Eastern Mediterranean in 11c-12c

14. Setting out on Crusade

15. Effects of the Crusades
Rise of nation-states
Revival of trade
Contribute to end of feudalism and manorialism

16. Medieval Trade

17. Commercial Monopoly: Guilds Towns
Controlled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices

18. Black death
The Bubonic plague reached Europe in the mid 14th Century and was responsible for the deaths of over one-third of the population
Was called the Black Death by Europeans because of the physical effects it had on the body
Spread to Europe by the Mongols

19.
The Black Death
Social upheaval ensued and many blamed Jews for the calamity accusing them of contaminating water wells and spreading the disease.
The huge population loss accelerated the end of serfdom, as a smaller population meant less competition for jobs.

20. The Great Schism (1378 – 1417) Effects Highlights corruption
1305 Frenchman elected Pope.
The papacy was moved to Avignon, France
Gives the French king considerable influence over the Pope
1378 Italian elected Pope.
Papacy moves back to Rome
French elect own Pope
1409 a third Pope was elected.
Eventually a new Church Council deposes all three Popes
Effects
Highlights corruption
Church’s influence and prestige weakened

21. The Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453
The periodic conflicts between England and France from , which resulted in England’s final withdrawal from French territory.
Notably the French were outnumbered by the English in most of the battles and the English won most of the battles yet the French ultimately won the war.
Battle of Agincourt= notable English victory
Historians credit Joan of Arc with rallying the French, leading men in key battles.

22. Effects of the Hundred Years’ War
Centralized power in France
Government tax system
Increased nationalism
Changes to military practices
Standing armies
New weapons (longbow, canons/gunpowder)

23. Summary On a separate sheet of paper answer-
Which of the events discussed today contributed most to the end of the Middle Ages in Western Europe? Why?