1. Magazines

2. History of Magazines
Magazines began as a favorite medium of British elites in the mid 1700’s
First Magazine was Gentleman’s Magazine
Published in 1731 in Great Britain
Contained writings on literature and politics
Biography and criticism

3. The First American Magazines
First American Magazine was American Magazine
Published by Andrew Bradford in 1741
5 days later, Ben Franklin Published General Magazine
American Magazine lasted 3 issues
General Magazine lasted 6 issues

4. History of American Magazines
Despite the short runs, 45 new magazines were launched between 1741 and 1794
None had much success
Many magazines in the 1700s were referred to as miscellanies
Miscellanies were characterized by their variety of content

5. Copyright Act of 1790
Gave publishers exclusive rights to their content for a period of 14 years
At the end of 14 years, publishers could ask for a renewal for an additional 14 years
Before these protections, publishers could reprint any content without penalty
With these protections, publishers now could receive royalties if their works were reprinted

6. Magazines in the early 1800s
The copyright act helped growth of the magazine
Saturday evening post first published in 1821, it would last 148 years
Harpers in 1850
Atlantic Monthly in 1857

7. Post Civil War
The period after the civil war marked a boom in the magazine industry
1865 – 700 magazines published
1870 – 1200 magazines published
1885 – 3,300 magazines published
Period marked the rise of women’s magazines
Women’s Suffrage movement a big key

8. Post Civil War Literacy growth was important to growth
Expansion of the railroad system allowed for widespread circulation
Printing became cheaper in this period and magazines reduced prices from 35 cents to 10 cents in some cases
Industrialization gave people more leisure time and money

9. Postal Act of 1879 Probably most important to growth of the industry
Allowed magazines to ship first class at second class rates
This reduced costs significantly
Helped magazines become America’s first true National mass medium

10. Muckrakers
Muckraking – to search for and expose corruption and scandal
Served as a voice for social change
Magazines helped shape politics and legislation in the early 1900’s

11. Magazines in the 1900s
Between 1900 and 1945, families who subscribed to magazines grew from 200,000 to 32 million
Era of specialization
General interest magazines began to close
TV became the preferred medium
Magazines had to enter the niche market to survive
Niche Market - is the subset of the market on which a specific product is focusing

12. Magazines up to today 1950 – 6950 magazines published
Today – over 19,000 magazines published
Of these, 800 produce three-quarters of the revenues in the industry

13. Types Trade Magazines – Targeted to professionals in a specific field
Industrial or sponsored – produced by companies or organizations for employees or members
Consumer Magazines – Sold on newsstands and by subscription

14. Advertising
Advertisers use magazines because they allow them to easily target specific demographics
Demographics – The measurement of the kinds of people who consume media
Example – age, income, race, sex, interests, etc.

15. Advertising Average editorial to advertisement ratio is 53%
72% of people say that ads don’t effect their reading enjoyment
48% say that ads actually adds to reading enjoyment
Magazines represent 20% of dollars spent on advertising

16. Advertorials Advertorials are ads that appear to be editorial content
Advertorials now account for 10% of ad content
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17. Advertiser influence
Industry practice to inform advertisers of upcoming content
Placement of ads next to related stories
Ad-pull policies – some advertisers demand advance copies of content and threaten to remove ads if dissatisfied with that content

18. Revenue $24 billion in revenue in 2006 55% from advertising
32% from subscription
13% from single copy sales
370 million magazines sold in 2006

19. Highest Revenue Magazines
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20. Circulation Circulation refers to the total number of issues sold
This is what magazines base their advertising rates on
Controlled Circulation – providing a magazine to readers at no cost because they meet certain demographic requirements that are attractive to advertisers

21. Top Circulation
AARP – 21.2 million
Modern Maturity – 20 million

22. Pass-along Readership
Refers to readers who neither subscribe nor buy single copies but who borrow a magazine or read it in a Doctors office or library
Handguns magazine has a paid circulation of 114, 000 but its pass-along readership is 5.4 million people

23. Split Run
Special issue of a given magazine in which editorial content and ads vary by region or demographics
Example – Sports Illustrated College Football Preview
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24. People in the Magazine Industry
Publisher – Creator and owner of the magazine
Editor – In charge of the content of a magazine
Writers – producers of the content of the magazine
Most writers for magazines are freelance

25. Parts of a magazine
Editorial Content – Actual substance of a magazine, this is the articles, pictures, and graphics
Ad Content – Paid content

26. Parts of a magazine cover
Masthead – Title of the magazine
Selling line – usually below the masthead, slogan for the magazine
Dateline – Date of the magazine
Coverlines – refers to the content
Main image – The cover image

27. Photoshop and Magazines
Photoshop has become controversial in the production of magazines
Magazines alter images of models to make them more appealing
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28. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QYOjTIOJQ 4#t=61xQ
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29. Photoshop and magazines
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30. New Competition Magazines Have turned to Niche Markets
Cable Television is starting to challenge these Niche Markets
ESPN, Home and Garden, DIY network

31. Magazines Move to the internet
Almost all magazines have an internet presence now
Supported mostly by advertising
Some of these websites have subscription based content
Pay-wall – website gives some content, but you have to pay for the full content
Magazines offering ipad editions