1. MALARIAL VACCINES

2. IMMUNE RESPONSE TO MALARIAL PARASITE
NAI(Non-adaptive immunity)-protection against the clinical disease

3. IMMUNE RESPONSE TO MALARIAL PARASITE

4. IMMUNE RESPONSE TO MALARIAL PARASITE
PfMEP1-expressed on infected erythrocytic surface and mediates binding of parasite to receptors(CD36, chondoitin sulfate A(CSA)

5. AGS WHICH ARE FAVORABLE CANDIDATES FOR VACCINES
Accesibilty
Induce protective response (memory)
Lack/limited antigenic diversity
Eg:PfEMP1, Circumsporozoite Ag
Combine antigens from different stages
Combine several Antigens from a single stage-Eg-MSP1

6. AGS WHICH ARE FAVORABLE CANDIDATES FOR VACCINES
Type of immune response-TH/TC or B-cell response

7. FACTORS AFFECTING VACCINES
Parasite factors
Host factors
Geographic and social factors
drug resistance
increase in multiplication rate
antigenic polymorphism
immunity
cytokines
genetics( sickle cell trait, MHC locus)
age ( no celebral malaria in infants)
pregnancy
assess to treatment
political stability
cultural and economic factors
trasmission intensity

8. VACCINE STRATEGIES Anti-infection vaccines-
Irradiated sporozoites-usually used for malaria naïve travellers
Drawbacks
not practical as delivered via a mosquito bite
protection for a short period
no protection against erythrocytic parasites

9. MUTANT Hb TAKES THE STING OUT OF MALARIAL INFECTION
Thalassemia
HbC
Modification of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Ovalocytosis
Duffy Ag–protects against P.vivax infection

10. VACCINE STRATEGIES Anti- morbidity/mortality vaccines
Designed against erythrocytic parasites
Drawbacks
low immunity induced for a short time

11. VACCINE STRATEGIES Transmission blocking vaccines
Gametocyte –containing blood that is used as the infection source for the mosquito is mixed with serum from animals immunized with human antibodies

12. TYPES OF VACCINES IN TRIAL
Synthetic peptide vaccine
Recombinant vector vaccine
Recombinant antigen vaccine-RTS,S vaccine
DNA vaccine- use of gene gun

13. MUTANT Hb TAKES THE STING OUT OF MALARIAL INFECTION
Sickle cell anaemia
seen mainly in Africa,India, Mediterranaean, Middle East
1 in every 13 American blacks are carriers
Mutant Hb-S instead of Hb-A
Rupture of infected RBC’s and polymerisation of Hb makes it diffucult for the parasite to digest