1. CONTENTS
Preview
8-1 Connecting ideas with and
8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or
8-3 Connecting ideas with so
8-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but and and
8-5 Using and + too, so, either, neither
8-6 Connecting ideas with because
8-7 Connecting ideas with even though/although

2. ? Elephants eat leaves and brush. PUNCTUATION: CORRECT OR INCORRECT
PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION: ?
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
Elephants eat leaves and brush.

3. ? Flounder are fish all fish live in water.
PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION: ?
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
Flounder are fish all fish live in water.
CORRECT
Flounder are fish. All fish live in water.

4. ? , , Carrots onions and celery are vegetables.
PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION: ?
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
Carrots onions and celery are vegetables.
CORRECT , ,
Carrots onions and celery are vegetables.

5. We had salmon, asparagus,
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
We had salmon, asparagus,
and salad for dinner.

6. , , (a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana. , ,
(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear.

7. , , (a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana. , ,
(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear.
and connects two words NO COMMA
and connects three or more COMMAS

8. , (c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES ,
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.

9. , (c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES ,
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.
and connects two sentences COMMA

10. . (d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES .
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.
(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.

11. . (d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES .
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.
(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.
period two complete sentences
no “and”
no comma

12. ? I like lettuce and tomato on my cheeseburger. COMMA NO COMMA COMMAS
8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS ?
I like lettuce and tomato on my cheeseburger.

13. ? , I speak Hindi and you speak Swedish. COMMA NO COMMA COMMAS
8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS ? ,
I speak Hindi and you speak Swedish.

14. ? I like lettuce tomato and cheese on my hamburger. COMMA NO COMMA
8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS ?
I like lettuce tomato and cheese
on my hamburger.

15. ? , , I like lettuce tomato and cheese on my hamburger. COMMA NO COMMA
8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS ? , ,
I like lettuce tomato and cheese
on my hamburger.

16. I studied for the test, but I failed.
8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
I studied for the test, but I failed.

17. , , or (a) The team played well but didn’t win.
8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
(a) The team played well but didn’t win.
(b) Is it going to rain or snow?
(c) Would you like peas carrots squash? ,
, or
and, but and or “conjunctions”
connect items
commas series of three or more

18. , , comma I had the flu. = a sentence I didn’t feel sick. = a sentence
8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
I had the flu. = a sentence
I didn’t feel sick. = a sentence ,
(d) I had the flu but I didn’t feel sick.
(e) Did you have the flu or was it just a cold? ,
two complete
sentences with
but or or
comma

19. + and but or I love to eat ice cream ____ it gives me a stomachache.
8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but or
COMMA
NO COMMA +
I love to eat ice cream ____
it gives me a stomachache.

20. , + and but or I love to eat ice cream ____ it gives me a stomachache.
8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but or
COMMA
NO COMMA + ,
I love to eat ice cream ____
it gives me a stomachache.
but

21. , + and but or She goes to school, studies hard ____ gets good grades.
8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but or
COMMA
NO COMMA + ,
She goes to school, studies hard ____ gets good grades.
and

22. + and but or Would you like an apple ____ a banana. COMMA NO COMMA
8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but or
COMMA
NO COMMA +
Would you like an apple ____ a banana.

23. + and but or Would you like an apple ____ a banana. or COMMA NO COMMA
8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but or
COMMA
NO COMMA +
Would you like an apple ____ a banana. or

24. Rajiv got a new bike, so he went for a ride.
8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
Rajiv got a new bike, so he went for a ride.

25. , so (a) She was tired, so she took a nap. two independent clauses
8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
, so
two independent clauses

26. (a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
So results:
cause: She was tired.
result: She took a nap.

27. (a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
(b) COMPARE: She was tired, but she
didn’t take a nap.
but unexpected result

28. He was frightened, ___ he didn’t cry. but
8-3 LET’S PRACTICE so
but
He was frightened, ___ he didn’t cry.
but

29. hugged her stuffed monkey. so
8-3 LET’S PRACTICE so
but
She was lonely, ___ she
hugged her stuffed monkey. so

30. His mother told him not to play in the mud, ___ he didn’t listen.
8-3 LET’S PRACTICE
His mother told him not to play in the mud, ___ he didn’t listen.
but so
but

31. He likes pizza, but I don’t.
8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
He likes pizza, but I don’t.

32. (a) I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.
8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
(a) I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.
(b) I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.
(c) I won’t be leaving, but Nazan will.
(d) Yi-When has been to Rome, but Jen hasn’t.
(e) She isn’t at school, but he is.
does = play tennis

33. (f) I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.
8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
(f) I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.
(g) I like racketball, and Jim does too.
(h) I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either.
(i) Yi-When has been to Rome, and Jen has too.
(j) She isn’t at school, and he isn’t either.

34. I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.
8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.
negative + but + affirmative
I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.
affirmative + but + negative
I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either.
negative + and + negative
I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.
negative + and + negative

35. ? I love to ski, but my sister does too.
8-4 LET’S PRACTICE ?
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
I love to ski, but my sister does too.
CORRECT
I love to ski, and my sister does too.

36. ? The man is cooking, but the woman isn’t. CORRECT OR INCORRECT
8-4 LET’S PRACTICE ?
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
The man is cooking, but the woman isn’t.

37. ? Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram does.
8-4 LET’S PRACTICE ?
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram does.
CORRECT
Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram has.

38. Ms. Poulos plays the violin, and her daughter does too.
8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
Ms. Poulos plays the violin,
and her daughter does too.

39. (a) Hyun likes dogs, and Sun Hee does too.
8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
subj aux + TOO
(a) Hyun likes dogs, and Sun Hee does too.
SO + aux + subj
(b) Hyun likes dogs, and so does Sun Hee.
same meaning

40. same meaning subj + aux + EITHER
8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
subj + aux + EITHER
(c) Bob doesn’t like dogs, and Jay doesn’t either.
NEITHER + aux + subj
(d) Bill doesn’t like dogs, and neither does Jay.
same meaning

41. (f) I’m happy that we are cooking together.
8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(e) I’m happy
that we are
cooking together.
(f) I’m happy that we are
cooking together.
I am too.
So am I.
same
meaning

42. (g) I don’t like bread. (h) I don’t like bread. Neither do I.
8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(g) I don’t like bread.
(h) I don’t like bread.
Neither do I.
I don’t either.
same
meaning

43. (i) I like fruit. (j) I don’t like bread. Me too. Me neither. informal
8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(i) I like fruit.
(j) I don’t like bread.
Me too.
Me neither.
informal
English

44. Amy is wearing high heels, and _______ ________________. Emma is too
8-5 LET’S PRACTICE
too
Amy is wearing high
heels, and _______
________________.
Emma
is too
June
Jay
Amy
Emma

45. Amy wears high heels, and _______ ________________. so does Emma June
8-5 LET’S PRACTICE so
Amy wears high
heels, and _______
________________.
so does
Emma
June
Jay
Amy
Emma

46. Jay doesn’t have long hair, and ________________. neither does Amy
8-5 LET’S PRACTICE
neither
Jay doesn’t have
long hair, and
________________.
neither does Amy
June
Jay
Amy
Emma

47. They are happy because they bought a new house.
8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
They are happy because they bought a new house.

48. (a) She is smiling because she is happy.
8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(a) She is smiling because she is happy.
because cause
reason

49. (b) MAIN CLAUSE: She is smiling.
8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(b) MAIN CLAUSE: She is smiling.
complete sentence
(c) ADVERB CLAUSE: because she is happy.
complete sentence
because + subject + verb = an adverb clause

50. (d) She is smiling because she is happy.
8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
ADVERB CLAUSE
(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)
main clause + no comma + adverb clause
ADVERB CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)
adverb clause + comma + main clause

51. (d) She is smiling because she is happy.
8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
ADVERB CLAUSE
(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)
ADVERB CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)
same meaning

52. (f) INCORRECT IN WRITING:
8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(f) INCORRECT IN WRITING:
She is smiling. Because she is happy.
must be
connected to
a main clause
Written?

53. Because I told him a joke.
8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(g) CORRECT IN SPEAKING:
Because I told him a joke.
Why is he
laughing?

54. ? Her eyes are watering. Because she is sick.
8-6 LET’S PRACTICE ?
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
Her eyes are watering. Because she is sick.
CORRECT
Her eyes are watering ________________.
because she is sick OR
Because she is sick, __________________
her eyes are watering.

55. ? The woman is happy because she loves her English class. CORRECT OR
8-6 LET’S PRACTICE ?
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
The woman is happy because she
loves her English class.

56. Even though we were tired,
8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
Even though we were tired,
we didn’t rest.

57. (a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
I did not cry even though I was very sad.

58. (a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
I did not cry even though I was very sad.
(b) Although I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
I did not cry although I was very sad.
even though
although
same
meaning +
adverb clause

59. (c) Because I was very sad, I cried.
8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
COMPARE:
(c) Because I was very sad, I cried.
(d) Even though I was very sad, I did not cry.
because expected result
even though
although
unexpected result

60. ___________ I wanted to become a doctor, I went to medical school.
8-7 LET’S PRACTICE
even though
because
___________ I wanted to become a doctor, I went to medical school.
Because

61. ___________ it was difficult to become a doctor, I did it anyway.
8-7 LET’S PRACTICE
even though
because
___________ it was difficult
to become a doctor, I did it anyway.
Even though

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