1. 1:1—Paleo and Neolithic Periods
Period 1 (to 600 BCE)

2. From Hunter-Foragers to Settled Societies
We learn about early human history from artifacts—objects made by people from the past

3. From Hunter-Foragers to Settled Societies
homo sapiens sapiens—modern humans
first appeared in east Africa between 200k-100k years ago
migration factors: food, climate change, overcrowding
Bering Strait—once frozen land bridge connecting Asia and the Americas
prehistory—time before writing (Paleo and Neolithic Periods)

4. The Paleolithic Period (to 8k BCE)
The Paleolithic Period (aka the Old Stone Age)—humans nomadic; hunted and foraged for food; used tools from stone, wood, animal bones
Tools different by region
Tundra—scrapers to remove animal skin from flesh
Tropics—nets for catching fish
Med. Sea and Pacific—rafts
Forests—axes to cut trees for shelter

5. Bone tools show the increasing intentionality of tool use among hunting and gathering peoples, as implements were shaped for various purposes.
Bone tools show the increasing intentionality of tool use among hunting and gathering peoples, as implements were shaped for various purposes.

6. The Paleolithic Period (to 8k BCE)
Fire used for:
Light after the sun went down
Heat to move to colder climates
Protection from wild animals
Cooking higher calorie and nutritious foods

7. The Paleolithic Period (to 8k BCE)
At the center of society was the nuclear family
Kinship group  clan  tribe
Tribes used for group hunting, defense, led by chiefs and priests
Traded food, clothing, tools, people  new ideas

8. The Paleolithic Period (to 8k BCE)
Societies were small and patriarchal—dominated by men
men: hunts, warfare, heavy labor
women: gathering, cooking, child rearing, first farmers

9. Paleolithic Art and Religion
gods associated with forces of nature
animism—belief that animals, rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits
shamans—people believed to have abilities to cure the sick and influence the future
Cave paintings date back 32k years ago

10. In Lascaux, France, in 1940, four boys happened upon a long-hidden cave filled with thousands of complex and beautiful Stone Age paintings like this none. Most of the paintings are of animals, some of which were extinct by the time they were painted. No one knows for sure why Stone Age artists painted these pictures, but they remain a powerful reminder of the sophistication of so-called primitive peoples.
FIGURE In Lascaux, France, in 1940, four boys happened upon a long-hidden cave filled with thousands of complex and beautiful Stone Age paintings like this none. Most of the paintings are of animals, some of which were extinct by the time they were painted. No one knows for sure why Stone Age artists painted these pictures, but they remain a powerful reminder of the sophistication of so-called primitive peoples.

11. The Neolithic Period (8k – 3k BCE)
The Neolithic Period (aka the New Stone Age)—humans begin to farm, settle, and form civilizations
Agricultural Revolution (c. 8k BCE)— invention of farming, beginning of the Neolithic Period
Warmer climate allows for farming  food surpluses
agriculture—raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis
pastoralism—domestication of wild animals (dogs, goats, cows, horses, etc.

12. The Neolithic Period (8k – 3k BCE)
specialization of labor: artisans, merchants, soldiers, priests, farmers
governments: led by priests or those with most land or skills
better technology: waterproof clay pots, plow, wheeled cart, metal weapons

13. Excavation of the ancient settlement at Çatal Hüyük, in what is now southern Turkey. Movement within the settlement was mainly across the roofs and terraces of the houses. Because each dwelling had a substantial storeroom for food, the settlement was often the target of attacks by outsiders. The houses were joined together to provide protection from such attacks; when the outside entrances were barricaded, the complex was transformed into a fortress.
FIGURE Excavation of the ancient settlement at Çatal Hüyük, in what is now southern Turkey. Movement within the settlement was mainly across the roofs and terraces of the houses. Because each dwelling had a substantial storeroom for food, the settlement was often the target of attacks by outsiders. The houses were joined together to provide protection from such attacks; when the outside entrances were barricaded, the complex was transformed into a fortress.

14. The First Civilizations
civilizations—large societies containing powerful states and smaller cities
social class system, govt run by priest or powerful landowner, strong military, organized religion
first civilizations developed around river valleys

15. Use yesterday’s notes to answer bellringer (front and back)

16. DBQ: Farmer Power Summarize pros of farming Summarize cons of farming
Respond with your analysis (agree, disagree, what’s author missing, etc.)