1. Two Nations Live on the Edge

2. Race for the H-Bomb Atomic Bomb Splits Atoms
Scientists suspected that it would be possible to build a bomb which fuses atoms-a hydrogen bomb
Estimated to be 67 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima

3. Race for the H-Bomb
Many questioned the morality of creating such a weapon
Oppenheimer opposed this project
However, now that the Soviets had an atomic bomb, the US had no advantage

4. Race for the H-Bomb
Politicians and the military pressed for a more powerful weapon
According to them, we had to develop one before the Soviets did
Truman authorizes work on the H-Bomb

5. Race for the H-Bomb 11/1/52- US explodes the 1st H-Bomb
10 times more powerful than they thought it would be
American advantage lasted less than a year
Soviets exploded their own in August 1953

6. Brinkmanship Dwight Eisenhower now President
Secretary of State-John Foster Dulles-staunch anti-communist
Not willing to make any compromises with communism

7. Brinkmanship
Dulles proposed a new policy – the US would keep peace by promising to use all its force – including nuclear weapons- against an aggressor nation
This policy was known as brinkmanship

8. Brinkmanship
This policy placed more importance on nuclear weapons – and the planes that delivered them
So, US trimmed the army and navy, but beefed up the size of the air force
Produced massive numbers of nuclear weapons

9. Brinkmanship Arms race begins
Soviets respond by building more of their own nuclear weapons
Americans convinced that Soviet bombs were pointed at American cities
Kids did air raid drills
Families built bomb shelters
Fear of nuclear war became a constant fear

10. Cold War Spreads Around the World
National defense now dependent on nuclear arms
Eisenhower relies more heavily on Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for information

11. Cold War Spreads Around the World
CIA used spies to gather information
Carried out covert actions
Secret operations
In attempts to overthrow governments unfriendly to the US

12. Covert Actions
Eisenhower equated Soviet leadership to totalitarian dictatorship of WWII
Soviet leadership was ordering secret operations against its enemies
Eisenhower felt the US was at a disadvantage & should carry out covert actions

13. Covert Actions – Middle East
1951 Iran- Prime Minister placed oil industry under govmt control
To protest, western nations stopped buying Iranian Oil
As Iranian govmt struggled-US feared Iran would turn to Soviet Union

14. Covert Actions – Middle East
1953-CIA urged Shah(King) of Iran to replace Iranian PM with someone pro-western
Iranian people remained loyal to the Shah
PM fled

15. Covert Actions – Guatemala
1954- Eisenhower believed Guatemala had communist sympathies
Gave over 200,000 acres of American owned land to peasants

16. Covert Actions – Guatemala
In response CIA trained army
Invaded Guatemala
Captured nation’s leader (Guzman) and his forces
CIA trained army’s leader Carlos Castillo Armas became new dictator of the nation
He killed thousands
Assassinated in 1957

17. A Summit in Geneva
US/Soviet relations seemed to improve after the death of Stalin in 1953
Soviets recognize West Germany
Conclude peace treaties with Austria and Japan

18. A Summit in Geneva However…
Soviets grew fearful when W. Germany re-armed and joined NATO
Formed its own military alliance-Warsaw Pact-w/ Eastern European satellite nations

19. A Summit in Geneva
July 1955-Eisenhower traveled to Geneva, Switzerland
To meet w/ Soviet leaders in the 1st East-West summit conference since WWII

20. A Summit in Geneva Eisenhower proposed an “open skies” policy
US & Soviet Union would allow flight over each other’s territory
To guard against a surprise nuclear attack
Rejected by Soviets-thought it was a trick to find Soviet nuclear weapons

21. A Summit in Geneva Summit accomplished nothing specific
But it seemed to promise a movement toward peace

22. Crisis in the Middle East
Cold War affected the Middle east as well as Europe
1955 US & Britain agree to finance a dam in Egypt at Aswan, along the Nile River

23. Crisis in the Middle East
Gamal Nasser, head of Egypt, began to strengthen his ties with communist nations
US & Britain withdrew offer to build the dam
Angry Nasser seized the Suez Canal
Which was owned by Britain and France

24. Crisis in the Middle East
British & French angry
Israel also angry at Egypt-which had been making terrorist raids into Israel
Britain, France & Israel invade Egypt- October 1956

25. Crisis in the Middle East
Soviets threaten to launch missiles against Britain and France
US warns-it would not tolerate such action
UN imposed a cease fire
Canal reopened in 1957-under Egyptian management

26. Soviet Aggression in Hungary
Nikita Khrushchev new leader of Soviet Union
Openly criticized Stalin in Feb of 1956
Said Stalin committed crimes against the Soviet people

27. Soviet Aggression in Hungary
People wondered if Khrushchev was going to be less repressive
Eastern European nations began to dream of breaking free of Soviet control

28. Soviet Aggression in Hungary
Leaders were debating about how much freedom to grant Hungary
Hungary had attempted to remove Soviets officials & to reform the government - more rep.
Khrushchev allowed for a reform minded premier to take control of Hungary
Imre Nagy

29. Soviet Aggression in Hungary
Hungary wanted out of the Warsaw Pact
Soviets respond brutally
Soviet tanks roll in and killed 30,000 Hungarians
Thousands fled to the West

30. Soviet Aggression in Hungary
Eisenhower offered no military aid
Protested the invasion
Sent $20 million for food and medicine

31. Eisenhower Doctrine
Soviet prestige grew in middle east due to support of Egypt
Eisenhower had to provide a counterbalance
Issued Eisenhower Doctrine- US would defend middle east against any communist attack

32. Cold War Takes to the Skies
1957-US thought they were ahead of the Soviets in military technology
US had warheads that could deliver warheads 1,500 to 3,000 miles
But by August 1957-Soviets developed an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)

34. Sputnik Launches the Space Race
Oct. 4,1957- Soviets use an ICMB to launch the 1st unmanned satellite out of Earth’s atmosphere
Sputnik traveled 18,000 miles/hr
Circled globe every 96.2 minutes
If the Soviets could do this they could hit the US w/ a missile

35. Sputnik Launches the Space Race
Americans felt vulnerable to nuclear attack
US seemed to be falling behind in science and technology
Schools attempted to improve math, science, and foreign language classes

36. Sputnik Launches the Space Race
American scientists frantically tried to catch up
January 31, 1958 US successfully launched its 1st satellite
Race to built bigger satellites and better weapons systems was on

37. U2 is Shot Down CIA was making high altitude flights over Soviet Union
US. used the U2 spy planes
Could fly higher than Soviet fighters
Beyond the reach of anti-aircraft fire
Was able to take detailed photos

38. U2 is Shot Down Eisenhower wanted flights discontinued
Was afraid that if one was shot down if would hurt US/Soviet relations
Dulles persuaded him to authorize 1 more flight

39. U2 is Shot Down
May 1, US spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers shot down over Soviet territory
US said it disappeared while on a weather mission
Khrushchev announced what had happened
Sukhoi Su-9

40. U2 is Shot Down Shot down 1,300 miles deep in Soviet Territory
Powers was captured alive
Bad moment for the US
Eisenhower took responsibility for the flight

41. Khrushchev Denounces Eisenhower
Denounced Eisenhower at what was supposed to be a second peace summit at Geneva-then left
U2 incident ended Eisenhower’s effectiveness as a peacemaker

42. Powers was in a Soviet prison for 17 months before the US was able to negotiate a prisoner exchange
The U-2 incident increased tensions between the US & USSR to new heights ;)

43. Daily Assignment: Read over chapter 18
Answer the review questions #11-20 (p.632 – green book)