1. A Presentation on Grid Management
Presented By:
Er.Suneel Grover
Dated : 22nd February, Power Controller, HPSEB

2. Grid Management Definitions as per the Electricity Act-2003
(2)“Electricity System”
means a system under the control
of a generating company or licensee,
as the case may be having one or more…
generating stations; or
transmission lines; or
electric lines and sub stations
and when used in the context of the State or Union, the entire electricity system within the territories thereof;

3. Grid Management Definitions as per the Electricity Act-2003
(50)“Power System” means all aspects of generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity & includes one or more of the following namely;
generating stations;
transmission or main transmission lines;
sub-stations;
tie-lines;
load dispatch activities;
mains or distribution mains;
electric supply lines;
overhead lines;
service lines;
works;

4. Grid Management Definitions as per the Electricity Act-2003
“Grid” means the high voltage backbone system of interconnected transmission lines, sub-station and generating plants.
“Grid Code” means a Grid Code specified by the Central Commission, under clause (h) of sub-section 1 of Section 79
Sub-section 1 of Section 79 “Extracts”
1 (h) to specify Grid Code having regard to Grid standards.
(i) to specify and enforce the standards with reference to quality, continuity & reliability of service by licensee.

5. Grid Management Definitions as per the Electricity Act-2003
“Grid Standards” means the Grid Standards specified under Clause (d) of Section 73 by the Authority;
Section 73(d)
(d) specify the Grid Standards for operation and maintenance of transmission line.

6. Grid Management Definitions as per the Electricity Act-2003
(65) “State Grid Code” means the State Grid Code specified under clause (h) of sub-section (1) of section86;

7. Grid Management Definitions as per the Electricity Act-2003
Clause 86 sub-section 1
(1)(h) specify State Grid Code consistent with Grid Code specified under clause (h) of sub-section 1 of section 79.

8. Grid Management Definitions as per the Electricity Act-2003
“sub-station” means a station for transforming or converting electricity for the transmission or distribution thereof and includes transformers, converters, switchgears, capacitors, synchronous condensers, structures, cable and other appurtenant equipment and any buildings used for that purpose and the site thereof;

9. Grid Management Definitions as per the Electricity Act-2003
“transmission lines” means all high pressure cables and overhead lines (not being an essential part of the distribution system of a licensee) transmitting electricity from a generating station to another generating station or a sub-station, together with any step-up and step-down transformers, switch-gear and other works necessary to and used for the control of such cables or overhead lines, and such buildings or part thereof as may be required to accommodate such transformers, switch-gear and other works.

10. Electricity - A scientific phenomenon
EMF travels at the speed of light
Available ‘just-in-time’
Delivered to the customers fresh
No one get placed on hold
Impartial in its benevolence and wrath
Good servant but a ruthless master
Grid operation is a continuous interplay of technical phenomena and natural/ human intervention

11. Power flow characteristics
Is directional
Does not recognize geographical boundaries, asset ownership
Does not check the map to determine the shortest route
Flows are dictated purely by
Impedances of the transmission lines
Point of injection by generators
Point of consumption loads
“Time & Location matter is fundamental to operation”
-Shmuel Oren & Fernando Alvarado

12. Capability of a chain of parallel and series elements would depend on the weakest link in a series
Anchoring at intermediate points and their strength would affect the strength of the whole chain.
Power system is also a chain of series and parallel elements with added complexity that strength of various links change dynamically and depend on each other also.

13. Reliability
Is a general term encompassing all the measures of the ability of the system generally given as numerical indices to deliver electricity to all points of utilization within acceptable standards and in the amounts desired
CIGRE
Comprises of “Adequacy” and “Security”

14. Reliability Security Adequacy
Power system ability to withstand sudden disturbances. {system shall remain stable and integrated}
Adequacy
Capability of the power system to supply the load in all the steady states in which the power system exists considering standard conditions.
Generation
Transmission
Source: CIGRE Reports on Power System Reliability Analysis (1987, 1992)

15. Security

16. Hierarchical Power System Security analysis

17. Stability Angle Stability
ability of interconnected synchronous machines of power system to remain in synchronism under normal operating conditions and after subjected to a disturbance
Small signal, Transient, Mid term, long term
Voltage Stability
ability of a power system to maintain steady acceptable voltages at all buses in the system under normal operating conditions and after subjected to a disturbance

18. Which one is a stable system?

19. Power System in India Electricity is a concurrent subject
Both State and Central Govt. responsible for development & management of this sector
State Electricity Boards (SEBs)/STU responsible for development of intra-state transmission system
POWERGRID – the Central Transmission Utility for development of inter-state & inter-regional system
Power distribution responsibility is with State Govt. and Private owned utilities
3 levels for Grid management system namely State, Regional & National

20. Hierarchy of Indian Power System

21. NATIONAL POWER SCENARIO Installed Capacity in 1947
NATIONAL POWER SCENARIO Installed Capacity in ,300 MW Installed Capacity as on ,35,000MW
Demand Estimates (FY2012) 16th EPS*
Energy Demand (Billion Units) 750
Peak Demand 155,000
Installed Capacity required to 195,000
meet peak demand (MW)
Additional Capacity Required (MW) 71,000
Present Energy Shortage 8.2%
Peak Demand Shortfall 13%
* Energy Survey by GOI

22. Present Power Scenario
All figs. in GW
Installed Capacity (IC)– 135 GW
IC-36.6
PD- 32.3
IC-2.5
PD- 1.6
Peak Demand (PD)– 107 GW
IC-40.5
PD-36.4
IC-17.6
PD- 11.1
Growth rate – 8-9% per annum
IC-38.2
PD- 25.7

23. Transmission Network
Synchronous Grid interconnecting four(4) regions of 90 GW capacity geographically spread over 2.6 million sq. kms.
South(SR) is asynchronously connected
Transmission Grid$ (as on 30th September 2007)
765 kV / 400 kV Lines ckt. km
220 kV Lines – ckt. km
HVDC Bipole (3 nos.) ckt. Km, 5 GW
HVDC back-to-back - 7 nos., 3 GW
FSC – 18 nos.; TCSC – 6 nos.
Inter-regional capacity – More than 16 GW
$source: CEA, India

24. Development of Electric Grid
National
Regional
State
Local
1950’s
1960’s
1970’s
1990’s

25. Energy Resources
Geographically spread unevenly dispersed pocketed energy resources
Hydro in NER & NR
Coal in ER
Integration of energy resources through high capacity National Grid with a motto -
ONE NATION- ONE GRID

26. Installed Capacity & Inter Regional links
MW Capacity
NER-ER
1,850
ER-NR
2,500
ER-SR
1,200
ER-WR
1,650
SR-WR
WR-NR
900
Talcher Kolar HVDC Bipole
2,000

27. Synchronous Operation of ER & NER

28. Synchronous Operation of ER + NER & WR

29. Synchronous Operation of ER + NER + WR & NR

30. National Grid - Present
Inter-regional capacity : 16.2 GW
National Grid - Present

31. Geographical Map
Geographical Map

32. Zones and Flowgates in Northern Grid

34. HPSEB-Taking Power to people
Existing Power System
Installed Capacity 460 MW
Villages Electrified Nos
Hamlets Electrified
Consumer Connected Lacs
Connected Load KW

35. HPSEB-Taking Power to people
Existing Power System
EHV Station 35Nos.
Distribution Sub Stns Nos.
H.T.Lines Kms
L.T.Lines Kms
A State Load Dispatch Centre with Latest State of Art has been established to have online control and transaction of Electricity
Minimum fatal/non-fatal accidents
Minimum Transformer failure

45. Role of NRLDC/SLDC’s
Established state of the art Northern Region Load Dispatch Centre and State Load Dispatch centers to effectively manage the Northern Grid.
National Load Despatch Centre shall be commissioned shortly
Implemented Open Access in non-discriminatory and transparent manner
Maintaining system availability above 99%, that too with limited redundancy

46. Role of Himachal Pradesh State Load Dispatch Centre
Himachal Pradesh State Load Dispatch Center is ensuring integrated operation of the power system of the HP State with the Northern Region Load Dispatch Center of India. The main responsibilities of HPSLDC are:
Management, Monitoring & Control of power system parameters and security etc.
To ensure the integrated operation of the power system of HP State Grid with Northern/NEW Grid.
System studies, planning and contingency analysis.
Analysis of tripping/disturbances and facilitating immediate remedial measures.
Issuance of Day Ahead Schedules/Dispatches w.r.t demand of loads, generations etc. and operational planning/control.
Facilitating bilateral exchanges.
Computation of energy dispatch and drawal values using SEMs.
Augmentation of telemetry, computing and communication facilities.

47. Critical Grid Incident
– An Example
27th January, 2007

48. Critical Corridor
In Northern Region Central UP to western part is a critical corridor having the following lines:
HVDC Rihand-Dadri Pole-I
HVDC Rihand-Dadri Pole-II
400 kV Kanpur-Agra
400 kV Kanpur-Ballabgarh
400 kV Kanpur-Auraiya D/C
400 kV Allahabad-Mainpuri-Ballabgarh-I
400 kV Allahabad-Mainpuri-Ballabgarh-II
400 kV Lucknow-Moradabad
400 kV Panki-Muradnagar
400 kV Unnao-Agra
400 kV Unnao-Bareilly-I
400 kV Unnao-Bareilly-II
220 kV Kanpur/Panki-Mainpuri D/C
Probability of all lines available is only 72.3% going by the target availability as per CERC (95% for HVDC and 98% for AC lines)

49. Fog on 27th January 2007

50. Incident on 27th January 2007
Heavy Fog in North West India (rail, road, air traffic)
Tripping/Auto Reclosure started from 0300 Hrs.
Maximum impact in Delhi, Western UP and Haryana areas.
Most critical period between 0745 Hrs to 1130 Hrs.
Max 53 (400 & 220kV) lines were out at 0812 Hrs.
Western UP/Uttaranchal (approx 1200 MW load) area was being fed through 400 kV Agra-Muradnagar and 400 kV Lucknow- Moradabad lines only for more than 2 hours.

51. The five hour ‘test of nerves’
Time of incident: 0600 hrs to 1100 hrs
Information overload
3300 Alarms : 11/Minute
1200 Sequence of Events : 4/Minute
Situational awareness challenge
17 number of corridors affected
32 no. of lines out of 81 lines in these corridors affected
Total 82 no. of Auto-Reclosures on 17 lines
400 kV Bus-II lost at Dadri at 08:12:22 hrs
220 kV bus-II lost at Auraiya at 08:46:11 hrs
220 kV Bus fault at Panipat (BBMB) at 09:00:51 hrs
8 no. of 400 kV & 16 no. of 220 kV lines declared under breakdown
Auraiya 2 GTs and 1 STs & Panipat(Th) # 1, 2, 3 & 4 tripped
Backing down of generation at Singrauli, Rihand-1 & Rihand-2
Curtailment of Inter-Regional STOA transactions

52. Flow gates & Zones affected
17 of 37 axes were affected.
System separation possible on any of the three axis.
2(2)/6
3(4)/7
1(1)/4
1(1)/9
2(4)/2
1(1)/2
1(5)/13
2(2)/2
1(1)/1
2(9)/5
4(17)/6
1(4)/5
2(21) /2
1(2)/1
2(4)/2
2(30) /2
4(6)/12

53. December-2007 FOG RELATED TRIPPINGS OCCURRED
ON 1st, 13th , 14th & 25th December2007
Humidity more than 85%
On 1st /14th and 25th December 2007

54. January 2008
FOG RELATED TRIPPINGS OCCURRED
ON 7th , 8th & 19th January 2008
Humidity more than 85%
On 7th /8th and 19th January 2008
On 24th January FOG trippings occurred in Central & Eastern UP

55. Fog Related incident on 4th /5th Feb 2008 in Northern Region

56. Fog Related incident on 4th /5th Feb 2008 in Northern Region
First line tripped at 20:49 hrs/ 04 Feb- 2008
63x400 kV lines and 54x220 kV lines tripped
15x400 kV Substations and 9x220 kV Substations dead.
NR System separated into two parts at 0437 hrs.
Islanded system comprised of
Punjab -Chandigarh -North Haryana -HP-Jammu & Kashmir –BBMB
Island size about 5500 MW
Rest of NR(Delhi/UP/Uttarakhand/Rajasthan) remained connected with “NEW” Grid.

57. Fog Related incident on 4th /5th Feb 2008 in Northern Region
At 07:45 hrs, 400 kV Dadri remained connected with rest of the grid only via 400 kV Dadri-Maharanibagh-Ballabhgarh line
Tripping of 400 kV Dadri-Maharanibagh-Ballabhgarh would have led to islanded operation of Dadri (T) & Dadri (G)
Islanded operation continued for 4 hour 19 minutes

58. Fog Related incident on 4th /5th Feb 2008 in Northern Region
Load shedding of around 5000 MW to avert cascade failure and survival of island
Generation affected at Panipat (T )(unit 3 & 8) –110 MW x1+1x250MW=360 MW
2600 SOEs received from 00 hrs to 0900 hrs of 5th Feb 2008
121 number of switching instructions issued by NRLDC
83 instructions for closing of lines

60. Fog Related incident on 4th /5th Feb 2008 in Northern Region
5000 MW

61. ACTION TAKEN Total 1500 MW of Generation Backed down at
Singrauli,Rihand,Unchahar,Dadri(G),Auriya
Additional support of MW taken from BBMB for more than 10 hours
Inter-Regional STOA curtailed
Power exported to Central grid to the tune of 700 MW against a normal import of 1270 MW( swing of 1970 MW)

62. Generation Backdown ISGS From To Generation Reduction Singrauli 1529
1270
259
Rihand
1753
1231
522
Unchahar-I
400
267
133
Unchahar-II
408
300
108
Dadri(G)
700
Anta(G)
485
344
141
Auraiya(G)
351
246
105
Total
5626
4058
1568

63. IMPORT/EXPORT
IMPORT OF 2500 MW
1270 MW
EXPORT OF 780 MW

64. BBMB GENERATION
ACTUAL
SCHEDULE

66. Fog Related incident on 4th /5th Feb 2008 in Northern Region
Island kept ready for synchronisation at two places viz.
Bassi end on 400 kV Bassi-Hissar and
Hissar end on 400 kV Hissar-Bawana but finally synchronised at hours at Hissar .

67. Highlights/Issues-Fog related Trippings
Behaviour of autoreclosure feature
System separation alerts issued continuously since 02:30 hours and BBMB/Punjab/Haryana/J&K/HP SLDCs alerted on 5th Dec-08 morning
Loss of 220 kV Panipat(BBMB) bus at 02:30 hours while carrying out switching operations to isolate the stuck breaker of 220 kV Panipat-Ch.Dadri line………..islanding of Panipat unit-3 & its tripping.

68. Highlights/Issues-Fog related Trippings
1x250 MVA, 400/220 kV ICT at Dehar providing the synchronous interconnection for nearly 40 minutes.
Attempts to maintain connectivity on 220 kV Panipat-Narela D/C
Survival of Island after separation possible only as it was surplus by 250 MW at the time of separation
Absence of free governor operation in the Island

69. Highlights/Issues-Fog related Trippings
UFR operation in Island at 04:49 Hours
Relative Humidity not dropping…..conscious decision to synchronize only afer hours
Response from SLDCs/Substations during crisis
Outage of 400 kV Muradnagar(UPPCL) for more than 4 hours
No communication to substation either through SLDC or directly from NRLDC
Overdrawal by Rajasthan
Data related issues raised by DTL
Loading of 400 kV Dadri-Malerkotla (PSEB
STATE SHD ACT (OPN)

70. Highlights/Issues arising out of FOG related tripping 5th/6th Feb-08
Fault leading to isolation of 400 kV Bawana at 01:50 hours
Load remaining connected at Bamnauli…..

71. The Road Ahead…

72. 75

73. Future Demand-Capacity Projection
Source: Integrated Energy Policy, Govt. of India

74. Perspective National Grid
1200kV UHVAC / 800kV HVDC – Super Grid
765kV EHVAC and 500kV HVDC - Support Tr. Network
400kV AC System - Sub-transmission Network
POWERGRID, INDIA 77 77

75. National Grid by 2012 Inter-regional capacity : 37.7 GW
POWERGRID, INDIA

76. Grid operation - A collective responsibility
Transmission is an indivisible shared facility (public service)
“Failures in one location can propagate through the network”- Thomas Overbye
“Power markets are the only markets that can suffer a catastrophic instability that develops in less than a second… The extent and speed of the required coordination are unparalleled”-Steven Stoft

77. Grid Management outlook
Need for infusion of Intelligence in the Grid for
Growing demand for digital quality power
Increasing number of interconnections
Economic dispatch
Features of Intelligent Grid
Phasor measurements for Wide Area Monitoring
Adaptive islanding
Self-healing
Establishment of Power Exchange

78. CONCLUSION Grid Management – The Need
We need a a smarter Electrical Grid , one that is prepared for real-time information, innumerable choices, quick decisions, and fast response. We’ve already seen the benefits of this in other industries. we file our taxes electronically, order books, clothes and even food online. We communicate around the world at nearly the speed of light via . But, we still generate and deliver electricity much the same way we have for over a century.

79. THANK YOU
WELCOME TO HPSEB