1. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW, AND WHY YOU NEED TO KNOW IT
First Aid & CPR
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW, AND WHY YOU NEED TO KNOW IT

2. Purpose of this Lesson
This Physical Education 10 lesson is designed to expose you to various emergency situations that you may unfortunately experience in your lifetime. It is designed to give you enough knowledge to know how to stay calm and handle an emergency safely and properly.
If anything else, this will teach you how to take charge of a situation and activate EMS (Emergency Scene Management) who are better trained and equipped to handle these situations.
It is NOT designed to certify you or train you with enough understanding to carry out all types of first aid or CPR, and you should never perform any aid if you do not feel confident or comfortable doing so.

3. Types of First Aid Emergencies You Need to Prepare for
Shock
Wounds and Bleeding
Dislocations
Airway and Breathing Emergencies
Diabetes
Chest injuries
Seizures
Head injuries
Eye injuries
Asthma
Cold and Heat Injuries
Burns
Allergic reactions
Bites and Stings
Choking
Poisoning
Bone and Joint Injuries
Cardiovascular emergencies and CPR
Emergency childbirth and miscarriage
Head/spinal/pelvi c injuries
Stroke
Sprains
More…
CPR
Strains
Heart Attacks
Fractures
Angina

4. What is First Aid?
First aid is emergency help given to an injured or suddenly ill person using readily available materials.
It can be simple, like removing a sliver from a child’s finger and putting on a bandage, or complicated, such as giving care to many casualties in a motor vehicle collision and handing them over to medical help.
Medical care is given by a medical doctor or given under the supervision of a medical doctor

5. Objectives
The objectives of first aid remain the same, regardless of the situation:
Preserve life
Prevent the illness or injury from becoming worse
Promote recovery

6. Who is a First Aider?
A first aider is someone who takes charge of an emergency scene and gives first aid.
First aider’s don’t diagnose or treat injuries or illnesses – that is what medical doctors do. Instead, a first aider suspects injuries and illnesses and gives first aid until medical authorities respond and take over.

7. First Aid and the Law
Fear of being sued is one of the main reasons why people don’t given help when it is needed most.
As a first aider, there are two legal situations in which you might give first aid. First, you might give it as part of your job such as a Lifeguard. Second, you might be a passer-by who sees an emergency situation and wish to help the casualty.
If you are giving first aid as part of your job, you have a legal duty to respond to an emergency situation at your workplace.
If you are giving first aid as a passer-by, you do not have a legal duty to respond. (Except in Quebec)

8. Principles of a Good Samaritan
Consent – identify yourself as a first aider and get permission by the injured before you touch them
Reasonable Skill and Care – act according to the level of knowledge and skill you have
Negligence – use common sense and make sure your actions are in the casualties best interest.
Abandonment – never abandon a casualty in your care. Stay with them until you hand over to another first aider, medical help, or until they no longer want your help.

9. Safety and First Aid
The number one rule in giving first aid is “Give first aid safely”
Emergency scenes can be dangerous and it is important your actions do not put you or anyone else in danger.
In a violent or potentially violent situation, your first priority as a first aider is to protect yourself.
Take the time to look for hazards and assess the risks of any actions you may take

10. Three Basic Types of Risk
1) The energy source that caused the original injury – is the energy still active and could anyone be injured by it? Example: machinery
2) The hazards from external factors – are other conditions present that could be a hazard? Example: car crash
3) The hazards of the rescue or first aid procedures – is there a risk of someone being injured by the first aid and rescue? Example: body size differences

11. Preventing Infection (PPE)
A first aider and casualty are in very close contact with each other when first aid is given. This means that there is an increase in risk of infection being passed between both parties.
Universal precautions that should ALWAYS be taken to reduce risk of transferring infection include the following personal protective equipment:
Gloves (blood borne infection)
Face Masks or Shield (air borne, and bodily fluids)
Hand Washing (blood borne, and bodily fluids)

12. Help at an Emergency Scene
As a first aider, the first thing you do when you arrive at an emergency is take charge. While in charge, many other people may offer to help.
Other first aiders – if another first aider arrives, they should tell you that they know first aid and ask if they an help. If someone jumps right in, tell them that you are in charge and ask if they want to help you.
Bystanders – Only the people really needed should be at the scene. Everyone else should be asked to leave or given other tasks.
Authorities – (police, hydro, etc.) will take over when they arrive, and will ask you questions about the scene, the casualty, and your involvement.

13. 10 Ways a Bystander Can Help
If you do not want to touch a casualty because of the risk of infection – is there anything you can do?

14. You can: 1) Make the area safe 2) Find all the casualties
3) Find a first aid kit
4) Control the crowd
5) Call for medical help
6) Help give first aid under direction of person in charge
7) Gather and protect casualties belongings
8) Take notes
9) Reassure the casualties relatives
10) Meet the ambulance and direct emergency personnel to scene

15. The Golden Hour
Refers to the first hour after the casualty has been injured.
This time is “golden” because if the casualty has severe life threatening injuries and gets to a hospital within this hour, the chance of survival is “pretty good”
After one hour, their chance for survival drops very quickly

16. How to get medical help
Medical help is organized under a community’s Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system.
To be an effective first aider, it is critical to know how to get medical help quickly
Know the EMS number for your community (not always 911)

17. Sending a bystander for help
If there is a bystander at the scene, it is best to send them for medical help. Tell the bystander:
To call an ambulance – give them the phone number
What’s wrong with the casualty – give the worst possible situation to make sure the casualty gets the urgent care they may need
Where you are
To report back to you – this way you know the emergency call has been made
If possible, always send someone out to meet the ambulance.

18. Deciding to leave an unresponsive casualty to call medical help:
Answer the questions to help decide whether you should leave the casualty to get medical help if you are alone:

19. Is medical help near by? (Could you get to a phone, call, and return in 3 minutes?)No
Stay with the casualty and give life-saving first aid. Once casualty is out of immediate danger, decide if you can go.
Yes
Can you carry the casualty while going to the phone?
Go to call medical help while carrying the casualty with you
If the casualty is unresponsive, go for medical help. If you will be out of sight of the casualty while away, turn them into the recovery position before leaving
If you are alone with a child or infant who is not breathing, perform 2 minutes of CPR before leaving to call for help

20. Emergency Scene Management
Emergency Scene Management
The sequence of steps that you should take at the scene of an emergency to ensure that safe and appropriate first aid is given
ESM has four steps:
Scene Survey – here you take control of the scene and find out what happened before helping any casualties
Primary Survey – here you assess casualty for life- threatening injuries or illnesses and give life-saving first aid
Secondary Survey – here you perform a more thorough check for injuries and illnesses that were not revealed from the primary survey, but would benefit from first aid
Ongoing Casualty Care – here you stay with casualty until medical care arrives and takes over

21. Scene Survey https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItI6KQknee8
Send or go for medical help
Assess responsiveness/consciousness
Identify yourself as a first aider, and offer to help and obtain consent
Find out: the history of scene, how many casualties there are, the mechanism of injury
Assess hazards and make area safe
Call out for help to attract bystanders.
Take charge of situation
Scene Survey

22. Primary Survey https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ueXMyxPKEm0
Responsive Casualty
A – Check the Airway (Ask “what happened?” How well they respond tells you if airway is clear.
B – Check for effective breathing
If breathing is ineffective - Assess Breathing (RATE, RHYTHM AND DEPTH)
If breathing is effective - Check Circulation
C – Circulation – control severe, obvious bleeding, check for shock
Unresponsive Casualty
A – Open the Airway (Head tilt, chin lift)
B – Check for breathing (look, listen, and feel)
If breathing is absent:
Give 2 rescue breaths. Begin CPR.
Circulation – begin CPR to circulate blood to brain, and apply AED if available
Primary Survey

23. Head to toe examination
SAMPLE (symptoms, allergies, mediations, past and present medical history, last meal, events leading to incident)
History of Casualty
Assess the Vital Signs (Level of Consciousness, Breathing, Pulse, Skin Temperature)
(Head, neck, collarbones, shoulders, arms, hands, under chest, abdomen, pelvis and buttocks, legs, ankles and feet)
Head to toe examination
Give First Aid
Secondary Survey
Should be done if:
Medical help delayed 20+ minutes
There is more than 1 injury
You must transport the casualty

24. Ongoing Casualty Care Report on what happened
Give first aid for shock
Continue to monitor the casualty’s condition (go through secondary survey again)
Record the events of the situation
Report on what happened

25. How to put the casualty into the recovery position
The recovery position keeps an unconscious person’s airway open. Always put a semi- conscious or unconscious person into the recovery position if you cannot constantly monitor the person’s breathing.
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