1. Leaders and Strategies
Angela Brown
Chapter 29 Section 1

2. Laying the Groundwork - NAACP
Founded in 1909 by Niagara movement
Interracial organization – both African Americans and Whites participated

3. W.E.B. Dubois
W.E.B. Dubois was the first African American to graduate from Harvard with a doctoral degree.
He edited NAACP magazine – Crisis

4. Focused on challenging laws that prevented African Americans from exercising full rights as citizens.
Mainly appealed to educated, middle and upper class African Americans and liberal whites.

6. Emphasized achieving legal equality for all races.
Critics charged out of touch with basic issues of economic survival that faced many African Americans.

7. National Urban League
1911 – sought to assist people moving to major cities (homes, jobs, training, labor issues)
Russell Simmons

8. CORE 1942 founded by pacifists Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Dedicated to bringing about change through peaceful confrontation
interracial

9. The Philosophy of Nonviolence
1957 Martin Luther King Jr. and other African American clergymen organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Introduced concept of nonviolent protest
They did not resist even when attacked by opponents.
Shifted the focus of civil rights movement to the South.
WhitneyYoung2.jpg

10. Martin Luther King, Jr. Small town Baptist preacher
Symbol of nonviolent protest for entire world
Born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1929 amid southern segregation
Morehouse College – Crozer Theological Seminary – doctorate at Boston University in 1955
Married Coretta Scott

11. Mohandas Gandhi
King was influenced by beliefs of Mohandas Gandhi a leader in India’s long struggle to gain independence from Great Britain
He succeeded in 1947
preached nonviolence
peacefully refused to obey unjust laws

12. Bus boycotters advised to follow 17 rules for maintaining nonviolent approach – films, songs, skits showed Gandhi’s activities
Played a key role in almost every major civil rights event from bus boycott until death 11 years later = Nobel Peace Prize in 1964
Often attacked physically and verbally, often put in jail, death threats were frequent

13. King Assassinated
King was assassinated in Memphis, TN in April 1968 at age of 39.
James Earl Ray was convicted in 1969 and sentenced to 99 years in prison.

14.
MLKLastDayinMemphis.jpg

15. SNCC Breaks Away “Snick”
Philosophy of nonviolence won support of many white Americans for growing movement
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – originally part of SCLC
1960 Raleigh, NC – Ella Baker wanted to give youth a greater role in Civil Rights movement

16. Shifted focus from church leaders – wanted immediate change
200 students at first meeting – next month voted to maintain independence – interracial at first
Shifted focus from church leaders – wanted immediate change

17. Jesse Jackson
Baptist minister and close aid to Martin Luther King, Jr.
Headed Operation Breadbasket until expanded educational and job opportunities for African Americans.

18. 1984 ran for Democratic Presidential Nomination .
His candidacy spurred African American voter registration.

19. Anne Moody
Anne Moody - key civil rights worker had to overcome family discouragement from cause