1. Chapter 10: Patient Care: Dental

2. Dentists Early History Ancient Egypt
Hesi-Re (died in 2600 BC): first dentist known to historians
Ancient Romans
Promoted oral hygiene
Used tooth-cleaning powders & toothpicks
Ancient India & Islamic countries
Physicians or surgeons performed dentistry

3. Dentists (cont’d)
The Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the 17th Century
Medieval Europe
Monks provided dental care
Barbers were surgical assistants
Catholic Church forbade monks to practice medical/dental care
Barbers became dental care providers
Barber-surgeons extracted teeth
Renaissance: renewed study of human anatomy, including dental

4. Dentists (cont’d) Dentistry in the U.S.
Colonial America: physicians provide dental care
Tooth-drawers, surgeon-dentists, barbers, & blacksmiths extracted teeth
Advertisements of services in newspapers (Paul Revere)
1840: first dental college established, in Baltimore
1859: American Dental Association formed
By 1880: 28 dental schools established
1928: creation of national exam

5. Dentists (cont’d) Education
4-year accredited dental school is standard
58 accredited programs in U.S.
Requirements for entering dental school:
At least 2 years of college education (most have bachelor’s)
Passing the Dental Admission Test (DAT)
Diagnosing & treating tooth & gum disease in first 2 years
Treatment of patients under supervision in last 2 years
Schools award DDS or DMD degree

6. Dentists (cont’d) Course Work Anatomy & physiology Biochemistry
Microbiology
Laboratory techniques
Pharmacology
Histology

7. Dentists (cont’d) Licensure Required by all states Requires:
Graduation from accredited dental school
Passing of written & practical exam

8. Dentists (cont’d) General Duties Apply a crown
Examine a patient’s teeth, gums, & mouth
Interpret an x-ray
Formulate a plan of treatment
Administer an anesthetic
Fill a cavity
Apply a crown
Perform a root canal
Extract a tooth
Apply braces
Insert a dental implant

9. Dentists (cont’d) Specialties Orthodontics
Oral & maxillofacial surgery
Pediatric dentistry
Periodontics
Prosthodontics
Endodontics
Dental public health
Oral & maxillofacial pathology
Oral & maxillofacial radiology

10. Dentists (cont’d) Personal Characteristics Focus Self-discipline
Strong work ethic
Good problem-solving skills
Attention to detail
Patience
Thoroughness
Focus
Manual dexterity
Communication skills
Genial personality
Positive attitude

11. Dentists (cont’d) Employment Opportunities and Trends
16% growth from 2008 to 2018
In demand due to:
Population growth
Preventive care for younger people
Increasing dental coverage among private insurance companies
Rising popularity of cosmetic dental services

12. Dentists (cont’d) Professional Organization: ADA >157,000 members
Advocates for dental profession & oral health
Monitors policy issues in Congress, state legislatures, regulatory agencies, & foreign governments
Establishes standards for & accredits dental education programs
Issues Dental Admission Test and National Board Dental Examinations
Develops standards for dental products & testing them
Conducts scientific research

13. Dental Hygienists History of the Profession
1890: publication of Microorganisms of the Human Mouth by Willoughby D. Miller
1896: Alfred C. Fones integrated oral hygiene into practice
1913: Fones opened first oral hygiene school
1916: first university program started at Columbia University
1923: formation of American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA)
1951: all states required licensure
1952: accreditation of schools begun
1962: first national board exam administered

14. Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
Education
Most programs offer associate’s degree
Some offer certificate, bachelor’s degree, or master’s degree
Entrance requirements: HS diploma or equivalent
Academic classes & supervised clinical instruction

15. Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
Course Work
Basic science
Dental science
Dental hygiene science

16. Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
Licensure
Required in all states
Requires:
Graduation from accredited program
Passing written exam & clinical board exam
Renewal required periodically (continuing education)

17. Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
Work Responsibilities
Clean teeth
Remove plaque & other materials from teeth & below gum line
Polish teeth
Examine mouth for tooth decay & gum disease
Take x-rays
Apply fluoride treatments, sealants, & other materials
Make casts of patients’ teeth

18. Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
Personal Characteristics
Detail oriented
Manual dexterity
Efficient
Well-organized
Good people skills
Patient
Flexible

19. Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
Employment Opportunities and Trends
Rapid growth: 36% between 2008 & 2018
Ranks first among all occupations requiring associate’s degree
Job growth due to:
Increase demand for dental services due to expanding population
Aging population
Growing focus on preventive care

20. Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
Professional Organization: ADHA
Three-tier structure: national, state, local
Monitors legislation & federal activities
Represents profession before Congress
Advocates on issues of scope of practice, education, & licensing
Promotes dental hygiene education & research through fellowships & grants
Offers continuing education programs, networking, employment assistance program

21. Dental Assistants History of the Profession C. Edmund Kells, dentist
Founder of dental assisting
Hired female assistant in 1885, starting a trend
Milestones in the American Dental Assistants Association (ADAA)
1921: Juliette Southard started ADAA
1930: educational guidelines & training developed
1944: standards & a competency exam developed
1946: first 140-hour training course adopted
1948: certifying board established (DANB)

22. Dental Assistants (cont’d)
Education
Some trained on the job; most trained in programs
Programs:
At community/junior colleges, trade schools, technical institutes, & the military
Most last 1 year & award certificate or diploma
Some last 2 years & award associate’s degree
Require HS diploma
Include clinical practice with a dentist

23. Dental Assistants (cont’d)
Course Work
Oral & written communication
Oral health education
Anatomy and physiology
Microbiology
Oral pathology
Nutrition
Pharmacology
Dental materials
Chairside assisting
Dental radiology
Psychology
Practice management

24. Dental Assistants (cont’d)
Regulation, Licensure, and Certification
States regulate duties
Licensure or registration for expanded functions in some states
Licensure requires completing accredited program, passing exam
Continuing education required for renewal of license
Two certification credentials offered by DANB:
Certified Dental Association (CDA)
Certified Orthodontic Association (COA)
Two specialty areas: radiation health & safety and infection control

25. Dental Assistants (cont’d)
Work Responsibilities
Open office & daily routine
Prepare dental treatment room
Set up instrument trays
Seat patient
Take & develop x-rays
Hand instruments to dentist
Instruct patients in oral hygiene
Clean & polish removable appliances
Complete health history records
Prepare bank deposits

26. Dental Assistants (cont’d)
Personal Characteristics
Reliable
Comfortable working under supervision
Work well with others
Good communication skills
Manual dexterity

27. Dental Assistants (cont’d)
Employment Opportunities and Trends
>295,000 jobs in 2008
36% growth between 2008 & 2018
More than one-third work part-time

28. Dental Assistants (cont’d)
Professional Organization: ADAA
Largest professional organization representing dental assistants
DANB: certifying board of ADAA
Credentials recognized or required in 37 states
Provides home-study continuing education classes