1. APUSH – Final Exam Review
Periods 6 ( ) & 5 ( )
Key Events:
Period 6 – Final “settlement” of the West, 2nd Industrial Revolution, Gilded Age, Urbanization, Populism, Jim Crow
Period 5 – Continued Western Expansion, Mexican-American War, Immediate build-up to the Civil War, Civil War, Reconstruction

2. Two Great Online Study Resources:
Gilder-Lehrman.org (excellent thematic breakdown videos, documents, etc.)
Crash Course US History (10-15 min. YouTube videos on important content/thematic info from all 9 time periods)

3. Period 6: Final Native American “Settlement”
RRs are being built through NA land on Great Plains; buffalo are being slaughtered (US Army directive)
Constant fighting for diminishing land/hunting grounds among Plains tribes disrupting, RR construction travel and white settlement
Solution: reservation system and final assimilation (Dawes Severalty Act – 1887)

4. Period 6: 2nd Industrial Revolution
Begins in East with Vanderbilt’s RR empire pre-post Civil War
Continues as TC RR is completed in 1869
Leads to extensive speculation, corruption, protection of business by fed. gov’t (Wabash v. Illinois – corporations are equally protected as “individuals” by 14th amendment)

5. Period 6 2nd Industrial Rev (cont’d)
Focus on heavy manufacturing (oil, steel, machinery) and agribusiness
Consolidation of smaller industries into “empires” by Carnegie, Rockefeller, etc.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) fails to provide any real “regulation” of large-scale companies

6. Period 6: Impact of 2nd Industrial Rev on US Society
90% wealth held by 10% of population
Social Darwinist beliefs become popular (“explains” success and failure)
Growth of middle class (factory managers, execs) and working class (former farmers, immigrants, etc.)
Rise of organized labor (with minimal success) and NO federal support
“Boom and Bust” economic cycles

7. Period 6: Impact of 2nd Industrial Rev. on US Cities
Continued dominance of “political machines” (i.e. Tammany Hall/ “Boss” Tweed in NYC)
Arrival of southern/eastern European and Asian immigrants; opening of Ellis Island processing depot; Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
New buildings for business and residence (skyscrapers, “tenements”, “row-homes” in ethnic neighborhoods)

8. Period 6: Impact of 2nd Industrial Rev. on the South
Tobacco makes a comeback/industry and RR arrives/cheap labor
Large war debt from Civil War; Northerners owns great deal of industry located South
Overproduction/competition in cotton leads to “crop lien” (buy goods now, pay back next harvest)
Culturally: Jim Crow laws/segregation dominate South – should African Americans “assimilate” or “fight back” for their civil rights?

9. Period 6: Impact of 2nd Industrial Revolution on Agriculture
RRs are given “first cut” of land; any land near RR stops is “valuable”
RR and other private companies buy land from fed. gov’t and can sell it to private buyers/investors for resale
Leads to “agribusiness”; small farmers cannot compete

10. Period 6: Backlash Against Industry and Agribiz: the Populists
Born from Farmers’ Alliances/Grangers in West/Mid-West in 1892
Platform: unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, public ownership of RRs, gov’t subsidies for farmers, 8-hour workday, direct election of US Senators
Action: Coxey’s Army marches on DC in 1894
Champion: William J. Bryan (1896 election – loses to McKinley)

11. Sample MC Questions – 1st Stimulus:
“Be it enacted by Congress…that in all cases where any tribe or band of Indians has been located upon any reservation created by Congress…Congress may allot the lands:
To each head of a family, one quarter of a section
To each single person over 18 years of age, one-eight of a section
Every Indian who has adopted the habits of a civilized live is declared a citizen of the US
-Dawes Act (1887)

12. 1st Stimulus - Question 1:
Which of the following situations most directly resulted from the passage of this act?
An increase in Native American tribal lands west of the Mississippi River
A decrease in federal control over Native American affairs
An increase in immigration from southern and eastern Europe after 1890
A reduction in tribal autonomy

13. Answer: A reduction in tribal autonomy
Why? Purpose of the Dawes Act was to break Native Americans of tribal bonds on reservations and force them to finally “assimilate” through individual land plots and promises of citizenship

14. 1st Stimulus - Question 2
The process described in the Dawes Act most directly reflects which of the following continuities in US history?
Debates about expansion of voting rights
Debates about the role of assimilation in national identity
Debates about the growth of executive power
Debates about economic globalization

15. Answer: Debates about the role of assimilation in national identity
Why? Throughout US history we have seen questions and concerns raised about what makes someone an “American”. Is “American” someone who follows European-Christian values/beliefs? Are those who do not fit this mold expected to “conform” to this identity or does their unique culture/tradition also fit the identity of “American”?

16. Sample MC Questions – 2nd Stimulus
-Source: The Bosses of the Senate, Joseph Keppler, Puck Magazine, 1889

17. 2nd Stimulus – Question 1
The main point of this political cartoon most directly reflects which of the following ideas?
The Social Gospel, a Protestant intellectual movement to help the plight of the poor in the late 19th century
Progressivism, from
Populism, a pro-agricultural political movement, from
Social Darwinism, a belief that only the fittest would survive in business, from 1870s-1880s

18. Answer: Social Darwinism
Why? During the 2nd Industrial Rev., it commonly believed that business tycoons who controlled the industries were the strongest of society.

19. 2nd Stimulus – Question 2
The ideas expressed by the artist illustrates which of the following issues of the Industrial Revolution?
Labor unions had too much influence in government
The US Senate was able to pass legislation to promote fair business practices
The belief that monopolies controlled the Senate
The economy was producing an equitable society

20. Answer: The belief that monopolies controlled the US Senate
Why? Most labor unions were attacked by the US gov’t in the 1880s, US society was FAR from equitable, and the gov’t often passed legislation that helped business owners grow their industries at the expense of their workers

21. Period 5 (1848-1877): Westward Expansion Continues:
Mexico opens up Tejas Province for US settlement; US-settlers lead independence movement in 1820s
“Oregon Fever” at its height (as industry begins in N. and cotton-based plantation farming continues to proliferate in S.)
Leads to increased tension with Britain (over Oregon) and Mexico (over Texas)

22. Period 5 (1848-1877): Conflict and Capitulation Under Polk
Polk settles border dispute over Oregon Terr. with Britain (49th parallel)
Goads Mexico into a fight over Texas (now an independent Republic); Mexican-American war fought between
Wilmot’s Proviso attempts to make land ceded by Mexico “off limits” to expansion of slavery; result is wildly increased sectional tension
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo cedes California, Texas, and most of SW America US

23. Period 5 (1848-1877): Onset of War (1848-1850s)
Free Soil Party formed in 1848 (opposed expansion of slavery into territories, not practice itself)
Popular Sovereignty is another method for deciding slavery’s expansion (“Bleeding Kansas”)
Gold Rush of makes CA eligible for statehood by 1850; its admission as a free state would throw off “sectional balance” in Senate

24. Period 5 (1858-1877) Onset of War (cont’d)
Compromises of 1850: CA is admitted free, harsher Fugitive Slave Law is imposed
Harriet Beecher Stowe writes Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1852) introduced by Stephen Douglas does away with Missouri Compromise; former Whigs and Free Soilers from Republican Party in opposition
Dred Scott decision (1857) declares slaves “property”, not and never were citizens, and could be brought by masters ANYWHERE in US
John Brown’s raid/execution  beginning of southern militias

25. Period 5 (1848-1877): Onset of War (cont’d)
Lincoln wins election of 1860 (promises to halt slavery’s expansion); South secedes
Fort Sumter fired upon in April 1861 by Confederate Army

26. Period 5 (1848-1877): Northern Advantages/Challenges During War:
Advantages: Larger population/larger industrial base/larger transportation network
Challenges: keeping “border states” loyal; keeping Europe from recognizing/allying with Confederacy

27. Period 5 (1848-1877): Southern Advantages/Challenges
“Cause” (defense of home/way of life)
Cotton (belief that Europe depended on it)
Little/no industry or RRs
Little/no tax base or ability to tax
Hyperinflation, food shortages, demoralization after 1863

28. Period 5 (1848-1877): End of Slavery:
Emancipation Proclamation – done to give North their own “cause” to fight; done to keep Europe “out”
13th Amendment: eliminates chattel slavery forever (1865)

29. Period 5 (1848-1877): Presidential vs. Radical Reconstruction
Questions: What to do with 4 million “freedmen”? What to do with defeated Confederacy?
Lincoln: 10% population swears oath of loyalty to US  state may re-establish its own government (cannot include slavery); pardons would be issued to Confederates who swore loyalty and renounced slavery
Freedman’s Bureau established in 1865 to assist former slaves in education, jobs, tracking down family, legal issues, etc. (folds in 1872)

30. Period 5 (1848-1877): Presidential vs. Radical Reconstruction (cont’d)
Johnson: keeps Lincoln’s 10% plan and pardon plan (freely uses both)
Result: old Confederates leaders/wealthy plantation owners are back in power by 1866
Result: black codes/sharecropping begins in South
Result: Republicans attack Johnson’s leniency (“waving the bloody shirt”); win majorities in mid-term elections

31. Period 5 (1848-1877): Presidential vs. Radical Reconstruction
Radicals’ Plans: Civil Rights Bill (1866) – invalidates black codes; Johnson vetoes and Congress overrides
Radicals’ Plans: 14th Amendment (grants citizenship to freedmen; grants equal protection of law)
Radicals’ Plans: Military Reconstruction Act divides South into 5 districts governed by US military; begins martial law in districts; requires states to adopt 14th Amendment and voting rights as conditions for readmission
Radicals’ Plans: 15th Amendment (right to vote cannot be denied based on race)
Radicals’ Plans: Civil Rights Act (1875) forbade racial discrimination (would seldom be enforced)

32. Period 5 (1848-1877): Results of Reconstruction
Black voters overwhelmingly side with Republicans; win seats in state legislatures
Southern whites side with Democrats; KKK is formed to intimidate black voters and their white supporters (suppressed by Force Acts of 1870, 1871)
“Redemption” of South begins as Radicals are voted out/die out and more “moderate”, business-minded Republicans take office
Redemption is complete in 1877 when Military Reconstruction/martial law ends in South in exchange for election of Hayes (Republican)
Jim Crow era begins as US military evacuates South

33. Sample MC Questions – Stimulus 1
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”
-Source: Abraham Lincoln, 2nd Inaugural, 3/4/1865

34. 1st Stimulus – Question 1
The ideas expressed in the passage most directly led to the political controversies of the 1860s and 1870s over the
Role of the federal gov’t in the settlement of the West
Process of reconstructing the United States in the aftermath of the Civil War
Authority of the states to promote economic development
Extension of American democratic values abroad

35. Answer:
Process of reconstructing the United States in the aftermath of the Civil War
Why? The United States was presented with several ideas on how to “reconstruct” itself after the war, most notably Presidential vs. “Radical” Reconstruction

36. 1st Stimulus – Question 2
The previous beliefs most clearly reflect which of the following continuities in US history?
Tensions between the executive and judicial branches
Changing relationships between state and local governments
Social change more difficult to achieve than political change
American military actions’ impact on the world

37. Answer: Social change more difficult to achieve than political change
Why? Despite Lincoln’s plea for moderation, the aftermath of the war led to increased controversy. The political and constitutional changes of the Civil War/Reconstruction Era failed to alter many of the social beliefs and attitudes of the 19th century

38. Sample MC – Stimulus 2
“In one view the slaveholders have a decided advantage over all opposition…the advantage of complete organization. They are organized; and yet were not at the pains of creating their organizations. The state governments, where slavery exists, are complete slavery organizations. The church organizations in those states are equally at the service of slavery; while the Federal government with its army and navy…to the Supreme Court…is pledged to support, defend, and propagate the crying curse of human bondage. The pen, the purse, and the sword, are united against the simple truth, preached by humble men in obscure places.”
Source: Frederick Douglass, 1857

39. Stimulus 2 – Question 1
In his opinion in the case Dred Scott v. Sandford, Chief Justice Taney upheld the sentiment above by stating that
“separate but equal” facilities for people of different races was constitutional
Corporations were entitled to the same protections guaranteed to individuals under the 14th Amendment
School prayer violated the principle of “separation of Church and State”
Congress had no right to regulate slavery in the US

40. Answer: Congress had no right to regulate slavery in the US
Why? Taney used to occasion of the Scott trial to state once and for all that slaves were property, not people, and could be brought to any part of the US by their owners just as property could.

41. Stimulus 2 – Question 2
In what way did the actions of Lincoln in 1860 contradict Douglass’s sentiments in the quote above?
Lincoln promoted the freedom of settlers within territories to determine the slave status of their new state
Lincoln passed the Homestead Act to give free land to all western settlers
Lincoln favored the exclusion of slavery from any of the new territories
Lincoln enacted the policy of giving newly freed slaves “forty acres and a mule.”

42. Answer:
Lincoln favored the exclusion of slavery from any of the new territories
Why? As a Republican, Lincoln supported the Free-Soil belief that the territories should be off-limits to the spread of slavery thereby allowing small farmers a fair chance to compete for economic success