1. Functional anatomy of alimentary (digestive)
system

2. Alimentary system
is a collection of organs which provide mechanical and chemical digestion of food, absorption of nutrients into blood and lymph and excretion of feces

4. Alimentary system organs
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Small
intestine
Large
intestine

5. Parts of small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

6. Parts of large intestine
Transverse colon
Descending
colon
Ascending
colon
Sigmoid
colon
Caecum
Rectum

7. mouth
anus

8. fauces I II
III IV V VI

10. Lingual papillae

11. Taste sensation of tongue

12. Parotid
gland
Sublingual
gland
Submandibular gland

13. Parodontium includes:
periodontal fibres, jawbone, gum and dental root

14. Permanent
teeth
Deciduous
teeth

15. Upper right
quadrant
Upper left
quadrant
Lower right
quadrant
Lower left
quadrant

16. Total length of digestive tract is about 10 m Pharynx (12-15 cm)
Oesophagus
(25-30 cm)
Small intestine
(6 – 7 m)
Large intestine
(1,5 – 2 m)

17. VI cervical vertebra
X-XI thoracic vertebra
I lumbar vertebra

18. Epigastrium
Mesogastrium
Hypogastrium

19. The digestive organs Hollow Parenchymatous Pharynx; Oesophagus;
Stomach;
Small intestine;
5.Large intestine
6. Gallbladder
Salivary glands;
Liver;
Pancreas

20. Other organs Hollow Parenchymatous Urinary bladder; Uterus; Ureter;
Deferent duct;
5.Uterine tube
Spleen;
Lungs;
Testes;
Prostate
Endocrine glands

21. Structure of hollow organs
Serous
layer
Muscular
layer
Mucous layer

22. Structure of hollow organs
Mucous layer
Muscular layer
Serous
(or adventitial)
layer

23. Structure of mucosa Lymphatic follicle Epithelium Lamina propria
muscularis
Submucous
layer
Glands

24. Oral mucosa

25. Gastric mucosa
Gastric pits
Simple columnar
epithelium

26. Intestinal mucosa
Villus
Simple columnar
epithelium

27. Mucosa
of colon
Crypt
Simple columnar
epithelium

28. Muscular layer in oesophagus
Circular layer
Longitudinal layer

29. Muscular layer in stomach

30. Muscular layer in small intestine

31. Muscular layer in large intestine
Haustra
Taenia

32. Cardiac
(lower oesophageal)
sphincter

34. ileocaecal
valve
ileocaecal
orifice

36. Visceral
peritoneum
Parietal
peritoneum
Retroperitoneal
space
Greater
omentum
Mesentery
Peritoneal
cavity

38. Relatively to the peritoneum the organs can be divided into:
Intraperitoneal
Mesoperitoneal
Extraperitoneal

39. Intraperitoneal organs
Stomach
Spleen
Jejunum
Ileum
5. Caecum with appendix
6. Transverse colon
7. Sigmoid colon
8. Upper rectum

40. Mesoperitoneal organs
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending colon
Descending colon
5. Uterus
6. Full urinary bladder
8. Middle rectum

41. Extraperitoneal organs
Pancreas
Duodenum
Lower rectum
4. Empty urinary
bladder
5. Kidneys
6. Suprarenal glands

42. Structure of hollow organs
Serous
(or adventitial)
layer
Muscular
layer
Mucous layer

43. Structure of parenchymatous organs
- consist of glandular tissue
- have no lumen inside
The smallest parts of the parenchymatous organs,
bounded by connective-tissue frame
and surrounded by their own blood stream,
are called structural and functional units.

44. In the liver
the structural and functional unit
is hepatic lobule

45. In the pancreas
the structural and
functional unit
is pancreatic acinus

46. Liver segmentation

47. I Caudate lobe
II Superolateral segment
of left lobe
III Inferolateral segment of left lobe
IV Medial segment of right lobe
V Anteroinferior segment of right lobe
VI Posteroinferior segment of right lobe
VII Posterosuperior segment of right lobe
VII Anterosuperior segment of right lobe

48. Development of digestive system: stage of 20 days

49. Development of digestive system: stage of 20 days
neural tube
chorda
celom
mesoderm
ectoderm
entoderm

50. Derivatives of ectoderm
enamel
2. salivary glands
ectoderm

51. Derivatives of ectoderm
epithelium
2. glands (liver, pancreas)
entoderm (primitive gut)

52. Derivatives of mesoderm
splanchnopleura
splanchnopleura
1. mucosa
2. submucous layer
3. muscular layer
4. serous layer (visceral peritoneum)

53. Derivatives of mesoderm
somatopleura
somatopleura
parietal peritoneum

54. Development of digestive system: stage of 30 days
pharynx
oesophagus
stomodeum
stomach
yolk stalk
allantois
liver
midgut
proctodeum
hindgut
cloaca

55. Development of digestive system: stage of 35 days
cerebral
and neural tubes
chorda
trachea
oesophagus
heart
stomach
liver
allantois
yolk stalk
midgut
cloaca
coelom
(peritoneal cavity)
hindgut
rectum

56. Division of the primitive gut into the parts
Foregut
descending
limb
Midgut
umbilical
(yolk) loop
Hindgut
ascending
limb

57. Division of the primitive gut into the parts
Oesophagus, stomach,
descending part of duodenum
Foregut
Small intestine (from descending limb);
Caecum,ascending colon,
transverse colon (from descending limb)
Midgut
Descending colon, sigmoid colon
rectum
Hindgut

58. Development of mesenteries
stomach
liver
spleen
ventral
mesentery
pancreas
dorsal
mesentery
Falciform ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Greater omentum
Mesentery of small intestine
Sigmoid mesocolon

59. The twist of gut tube: stage of 5 weeks

60. I branchial arch the walls of the oral cavity (including maxilla
and mandible)
lips
- masticatory muscles

61. II branchial arch
hyoid bone
- mimic muscles