1. How do glaciers change the land?

2. Glacier Effects
As glaciers grow then shrink, they change the ground beneath and around them.
These changes are ultimately the result of the erosion and deposition of rocks.

3. A Changed Landscape Before After
A view down the Whitechuck Glacier in North Cascades National Park in 1973
North Branch of the Whitechuck Glacier in 1973 (Neil Hinckley and 2006 (Leor Pantilat)
Photograph from the North Cascade Glacier climate project website
administered, by myself, Mauri Pelto
After
The same view as seen in 2006, where this branch of glacier retreated 1.9 kilometers (1.2 miles)

4. Glacial Erosion Erosion is the moving of rock and sediment.
With glaciers, this is mostly when moving glaciers loosen, dislodge, or plucked by the glacier mass. The rock is dragged and causes abrasions.
This action of erosion produces various glacial landforms

5. Striations
Striations are caused by the scraping action of the sediments that are picked up by the glacier.
This scouring action produces changes and landforms on the surface of the Earth.
Glacial striations, Lac Blanchet, Canada. (Source: Natural Resources Canada - Terrain Sciences Division - Canadian Landscapes).

6. Scouring Landforms & Changes
(1) Cirques
(2) Arete
(3) Horn
(4) U-Shaped Valleys
(5) Hanging Valleys

7. Tuckerman’s Ravine, Mount Washington, NH
Cirques
Cirques are bowl-shaped depression scoured near mountain peaks.
They look like a scoop has been taken out of the side of the mountain
It’s where valley glaciers start.
                                                                                                                                                                                    
Tuckerman’s Ravine, Mount Washington, NH

8. Aretes
Sharp Jagged ridge that forms between cirques

9. Horn
Sharp, pyramid-like peak created when Aretes join together

10. Glaciated Valleys
U-shaped valleys
Hanging valleys
Cirques
Horns

11. U-Shaped Valleys
When a valley glacier grinds and rounds what was a V shaped valley into a rounded U-shaped valley
Noticeable after a glacier has melted
Crawford Notch, NH

12. Glaciers carved this broad U-shaped valley in the Rocky Mountains of Montana.

13. U-shaped valleys such as this one are common in
this part of Michigan.

14. The Basin, Franconia Notch, NH
Hanging Valleys
Formed when a tributary river is suspended high above the main valley floor.
The Basin, Franconia Notch, NH

15. Erosion by Continental Glaciers: Rounding and Shortening of Mountains
Caused from glaciers that are thick enough to cover mountain tops.
The tops are scoured and rounded off
Cannon Cliff, Franconia, NH
alberichh.stumbleupon.com/tag/mountains/

16. Deposition
When a glacier melts it leaves deposits of material it accumulated
The materials accumulated can be large to fine sediment
These sediments are later dropped and can collect into landforms known as glacial deposits.

17. Glacial Deposits Landforms and Changes
(1) Erratics
(2) Glacial Drift and Till
(3) Moraines
(4) Outwash Plains
(5) Kettles
(6) Eskers
(7) Glacial Lakes

18. Madison Boulder, Madison, NH
Erratics
Erratics are rocks that were picked up by the glacier, transported, then dropped.
It’s the large pieces of till.
Erratic stone can be carried very far. It is often different from the bedrock.
Madison Boulder, Madison, NH

19. Glacial Drift General term for all sediment deposited by a glacier
This is the varying sized sediment that glaciers scrape up, move, and deposit elsewhere.
This till can be randomly spread out or collected in certain areas.
Photo credit: USGS Digital Data Series DDS-2.

20. Glacial Till
Unsorted glacial drift that is deposited directly from a melting glacier
If the till was sorted it would be called STRATIFIED DRIFT
Photo credit: USGS Digital Data Series DDS-2.

21. Moraine Ridges of unsorted sediment on the ground or on a glacier
The front and sides of glaciers push sediment forward into piles like a bulldozer.
These leftover piles or moraines and can be 100s to 1000s of meters long.
Example: Long Island, NY or Cape Cod
Moraines caused the formation of Long Island, Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island.

22. Glacial Till Deposition Features
Deposition features caused by glaciers include;
Moraines (3 Types)
1) Terminal (End) 2) Lateral ) Medial
Lateral Moraine
Terminal Moraine
Forms when ice melts leaving sediment where the glacier ended.
Marks the farthest advance of the glacier

23. Glacial Till Deposition Features
Deposition features caused by glaciers include;
Moraines (3 Types)
1) Terminal (End) 2) Lateral ) Medial
Lateral Moraines
Forms when ice accumulates large amounts of debris from the valley walls.
When the glacier melt away, this debris is left as ridges along the sides of the valley.

24. Glacial Till Deposition Features
Deposition features caused by glaciers include;
Moraines (3 Types)
1) Terminal (End) 2) Lateral ) Medial
Medial Moraines
Forms when two valley glaciers come together to form a single ice stream.
Sediment once on the edge of the glaciers now merge to form a single ridge of debris.

25. Drumlin A drumlin is an elongated hill of glacial till
These are shaped by the underside of a glacier
The shape points the direction of movement of the glacier.
Drumlin field in northwestern Manitoba. These features are made of till and are formed at the base of a glacial ice sheet. The long axis of this feature aligns with the direction of glacial movement. (Source: Natural Resources Canada - Terrain Sciences Division - Canadian Landscapes).

26. Outwash Plains
Glacial meltwater that carried deposits of stratified drift
Meltwater streams will cross this plain, or flat land

27. Spruce hole Bog near Durham, NH.
Kettles
Kettles are depressions that were left behind by glaciers then commonly fill with water to form round lakes.
They are usually from collapsed ground while the soil thawed.
Spruce hole Bog near Durham, NH.

28. Eskers Long-winding ridges of sand and gravel
They can extend tens of kilometers and look like raised, winding roadways

29. Glacial Deposition Features
Deposition features caused by glaciers include;
7) Eskers
Long, winding ridges of sand and gravel.
Form where water flowing under the glacier deposit sediment on the sides of the streams near the end of the glacier.

30. Glacial Lakes= The Great Lakes
Lake basins created where glaciers erode surfaces and leave depressions in bedrock

31. Retreat (melt back) of a continental glacier with melt water lakes and rivers.31

32. Glacial Landforms Cause and Effect
And Changes
(Cause)
Scouring
Sediment Deposits
(Effects)
Cirques
U-Shaped Valleys and Hanging Valleys
Arete and Horn
Rounding and Shortening of Mounatins
Glacial Till
Moraines
Drumlins and Eskers
Erratics and Kettles

33. Glacial Product Ideas 1. A photo gallery of local glacial landforms
Erratics; Fort Rock Farm in Exeter, NH or Pawtuckaway State Park in Raymond, NH
Drumlins; Are the cause of many local hills
Large Kettle Pond; (Great Bay in the coastal region of NH)
2. 3-D Topographic Contour Map that highlight local hills / Drumlins – determine which direction the glaciers flowed.

34. Glacial Product Ideas 3. Flip Chart of Glacial Landforms
4. Written description of a selected New Hampshire Glacial Landform
5. Ice Age story and how it changes topography
6. Trip to Ice Story at Krista McAuliffe Planetarium and report on it.

35. Appendix – Vocab Exercise

36. Vocab Exercise - Key

37. Glaciers in the United States Page 1

38. Glaciers in the United States Page 2

39. United States Physical Map

40. Works Cited
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"Crawford Notch." NH Geology. 18 May 2009 <
"Earth and Space Science | Session 6." Teacher Professional Development and Teacher Resources by Annenberg Media. 18 May 2009
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"Earth and Space Science | Session 6." Teacher Professional Development and Teacher Resources by Annenberg Media May 2009
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"File:Spruce Hole Bog-very large photo.jpeg -." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 4 June May 2009 <
very_large_photo.jpeg>.
"Glacial Processes and Landforms." University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. 11 Mar May 2009
<
"Glacier Gallery." National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). 18 May 2009 <
"Glacier Gallery." National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). 18 May 2009 <
Goss, Dean. "Glen Ellis Falls - Waterfalls of the Northeastern United States." Waterfalls of the Northeastern United States May <
"Growing Years." National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). 18 May 2009 <
"Madison Boulder - Summer." NH Geology. 18 May 2009 <
"Margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet." Welcome. 18 May 2009 <
Pelto, Mauri S. "The Death of a Glacier, glacier retreat, North Cascades." Nichols College: Business Programs, Adult Education, MBA, Central Massachusetts. 18
May 2009 <
"Picture of Franconia Notch - Basin, Laconia." PlanetWare Travel Guide - Hotels, Attractions, Pictures, Maps & More May 2009
<
"Terminal Moraines." A Tapestry of Time and Terrain. 27 Mar May 2009 <
"Tuckerman Ravine Photo Archive " Mount Washington Avalanche Center; Tuckerman and Huntington Ravines. 29 Jan May 2009
<
University of Southern Maine - Student Listing. Nov May 2009 <
University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. 18 May 2009 <
University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. 18 May
"USA: Physical." Education Place®. 18 May 2009 <