2.  As glaciers travel over land, glacial ice can erode the underlying bedrock.  This erosion can happen by:  Plucking  Abrasion

3.  This occurs when melt water at the base of the glacier freezes in cracks and fractures the underlying bedrock.  The fractured materials are then pulled away from the bedrock.  The weathered material then becomes incorporated into the glacial ice and undergoes transportation as the glacier moves.  Glacial ice also picks up loose boulders, pebbles, and sand from the underlying surface as it moves.

4.  This is the grinding or scouring of exposed rock surfaces by rock fragments embedded in the base of the glacier.  Think of this a being the sandpaper effect  The dislodged pieces of rock become part of the glacial ice.  The abraded bedrock surfaces generally show a polished look and display striations or grooves caused by the sediment embedded in glacial ice.  The abraded material can become pulverized to yield a fine clay or silt material called rock flour

5.  Continental glaciers only erode on the bottom, and just flatten out the topography  Valley glaciers erode along their sides and on the bottom.  The shape of the valley as the glacier moves downhill is that of a U-shape or glacial trough.  These valley glacier give us many unique features based on the size and location.  Fjords  Hanging valleys  Cirques  Horns  Arêtes

6.  Glacial formed valleys filled with seawater.

7.  A U-shaped valley not as deep as the main valley.

8.  A three sided bowl shaped depression where valley glaciers begin.

11.  A sharp mountain peak formed adjoining cirques

13.  Sharp ridges which join adjacent horns and adjacent cirques

15.  The material moved by a glacier eventually is deposited as the glacier melts.  All sediment that is deposited by a glacier is termed glacial drift.  There are two types of glacial drift:  Till, and  Outwash

16.  This is the material that is deposited directly by glacial ice and is a mix of sediment particles of various sizes.  Large boulders of drift that are moved far from their bedrock source are called erratics.

17.  As a valley glacier moves downhill, it erodes material at the glacier’s sides and base and forms distinct features made of till. These features are called moraines.

18.  End Moraine – contains the glacial till at the toe of a glacier  Ground Moraine – are a term for a moraine at the base of the glacier  Lateral Moraines – are the deposited till along the sides of a glacier.  When two glacier with lateral moraines merge their lateral moraines join in the center of the merged glacier to form medial moraines in the central portion of the glacier

19.  Till deposited at the base of a glacier can be reshaped by successive glacial movements into streamlined mounds of till called drumlins.

20.  This is material that deposited by melt water from a glacier and is similar to a stream deposit, with larger fragments deposited by waters flowing with greater velocity and finer fragments deposited by slower moving water.

21.  During warm weather or periods of retreat, glaciers discharge melt water at their toe or terminus. The area created by the deposition of sediment from flowing melt water from a glacier is called the outwash plain.  Melt water can form a meandering streams at the base of a glacier. These streams create sinuous ridges of sediment called eskers.  During a retreat a large chunk of ice remains behind which depresses the land and melts to form a kettle lake.

22. Esker located in SW Nova Scotia Kettle lakes