1. 14 Compilers, Interpreters and Debuggers
Mauro Jaskelioff
(Originally by Gail Hopkins)

2. Introduction The role of language translators
Compilers and Interpreters
The Java Virtual Machine
Debugging
(based on material by Kenneth M. Anderson and Robert Steinke)
Using print statements to debug a program
Basic functions performed by a debugger

3. The role of language translators
Programming languages have evolved to make programming easier for humans
Computers still execute machine code
Language translators are required to translate between the two
A new translator is required for each combination of programming language and machine-code

4. The role of language translators (2)
Translation involves several tasks
translating high level program statements into combinations of machine code instructions
translating high level data structures into combinations of memory locations
linking to existing code (libraries, modules, objects, system calls) to form a final program
Two broad approaches to translation
compilation and interpretation

5. Compilers
Whole program is translated into a file containing machine code. This file can then be executed when required
The programmer writes the source program which is translated into the object program
Start at the beginning of the source program
REPEAT
translate next source program statement
UNTIL the end of the source program
IF translation errors occurred
THEN report errors
ELSE produce the object program

6. Interpreters One statement is translated and then executed at a time
Start at the beginning of the program
REPEAT
translate next program statement
if no translation error occurred then execute the statement
UNTIL the end of the program or an error occurs

7. Compilers: Pros and Cons
Enable programmers to write human-readable code with a richer set of instructions
Program execution is fast
Compiled programs can be run more than once without re-compilation
Programs can be compiled for different platforms
Cons:
To run on a different platform, code has to be recompiled

8. Interpreters: Pros and Cons
No need to compile before running the program; program can just be run straight away
Program can be run on different platforms without recompiling (provided an interpreter is available for that platform)
Cons:
Program execution is slower than with compiled code

9. Java Virtual Machine
Until the advent of Java, the trend for programming was moving away from interpreted languages and towards compiled languages
Software interpreters are complex (compared to machine code) and so run slowly
Java takes a new approach…

10. Java Virtual Machine (2)
Java is compiled into a standard machine language called Bytecode
This standard machine language is then interpreted by a software interpreter, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
JVM takes Bytecode and executes it
Bytecode is not the standard machine language for any specific hardware processor
Any machine which has a JVM can run the compiled Java program

11. Advantages of JVM
Because Java is compiled before being interpreted it runs more quickly than standard interpreted languages
BUT, Java is also portable because the platform it is compiled for is available for lots of different machine architectures
Java therefore does not need to be recompiled to run on different types of machine
The JVM can be seen as an interpreter for Java bytecodes, so it’s an intermediate solution between compilers and interpreters

12. Debugging

13. Debugging A program fails a test case (or a bug is reported).
A programmer is given the test case and the associated source code and “debugs” the program until the fault has been corrected.
The program, having been fixed, no longer exhibits the failure.
The hard part is locating the problem!!

14. Bridging the Gap
One problem with faults is that they are not necessarily located “near” their associated failure.
We need to “bring the failure close to the fault”.
The simplest way to do this is with print statements.

15. Using print Statements
Your program has compiled but crashes when it runs. What should you do?
Sprinkle print statements throughout your program and see how many are executed.
Your program runs but is printing the wrong answer. What should you do?
Use print statements to print out the values of your internal variables. See which give you the right answer and which give you the wrong answer.

16. A Buggy awk Program {
x = 10
while (x > 5) {
x++ }
print $x

17. Program with print Statements{
x = 10
print "Got past initialisation\n"
while (x > 5) {
print "Entered while loop\n"
x++
print "incremented x\n" }
print "Exited while loop\n"
print $x

18. Output of Buggy Program
$ awkInfinite.sh
Got past initialisation
Entered while Loop
incremented x

19. More Print Statements { x = 10 print "Got past initialisation\n"
while (x > 5) {
print "Entered while Loop\n"
print $x ”\n"
x++
print "incremented x\n“
print $x ”\n” }
print "Exited while loop\n"
print $x

20. More Output $ awkInfinite.sh Got past initialisation
Entered while Loop 10
incremented x 11 12

21. Debugging Tools
A debugger allows a programmer to monitor the internal state of a program while it is executing (saves putting in and taking out print statements).
Two types of debugger
Interpretive
Direct Execution

22. Types of Debuggers Interpretive Debuggers Direct Execution Debuggers
work by reading a program and simulating its execution one line at a time.
Direct Execution Debuggers
work by running the actual program in a special mode where the debugger can read and write the program’s memory.

23. Interpretive Vs. Direct Execution Debuggers
Interpretive Debuggers
Easier to program
Safer, a program cannot crash the machine (just the debugger).
Direct Execution
Faster
More accurate, the actual program instructions are being executed

24. Two Styles of Use Line-at-a-time
A programmer loads the program into the debugger and “steps” through the program one line at a time.
The debugger stops the program after each line and gives the programmer a chance to check the program’s variables to see if it is operating correctly.

25. Two Styles of Use (2) Breakpoints
A Programmer loads a program into the debugger and specifies “breakpoints” at various locations in the program.
The program runs until it hits a breakpoint.

26. How are Breakpoints Useful?
If you think you have function that might have a fault.
Set a breakpoint at the beginning of the function.
Set another breakpoint at the end of the function.
If a program’s data is correct at the beginning of the function but incorrect at the end, then there is a fault in the function.
They also allow you to skip over “init” code and debugged code quickly; letting the programmer focus on finding the fault.

27. Editing Variables
Debuggers let the programmer explore “what-if” scenarios:
You can execute a program to a certain point, and then alter the values of the program’s variables.
So you can explore unusual cases.
Plus, if a bug occurs, you can correct an incorrect value and see how far the program goes before it encounters another fault.

28. Summary Using a debugger is more flexible than print statements.
Debuggers can be used to step through code or to run until some breakpoint.
They also let you view the values of variables.
They take a bit of getting used to but are usually well worth the time invested.