1. Macroeconomic Relationships a cheat sheet (Note: .: = therefore)
AP Macroeconomics
Macroeconomic Relationships
a cheat sheet
(Note: .: = therefore)

2. Key to Macroeconomic Symbols
GDPR – Real GDP (Output)
C – Consumption
IG – Gross Private Investment
G – Government Spending
XN – Net Exports (Exports – Imports)
w- wages (primary cost of production)
T – taxes
DI – disposable income
X – Exports
M – Imports
AD – aggregate demand
SRAS – short-run aggregate supply
LRAS – long-run aggregate supply
PL – Price Level
SRPC – short-run Phillips curve
LRPC – long-run Phillips curve
u% - unemployment rate
π% - inflation rate
SLF – Supply of loanable funds
DLF – Demand for loanable funds
r% - real interest rate
MS – Money Supply
MD – Money Demand
ER – Excess Reserves
i% - nominal interest rate
DR – discount rate
RR – reserve ratio
OMO – open market operations (buying and selling gov’t bonds)
FOREX – foreign exchange market
D$ - demand for dollars in FOREX
S$ - supply of dollars in FOREX
$ - value of dollar in FOREX
↑ - increase
↓ - decrease
→ - shift right (increase)
← - shift left (decrease)
.: - therefore
Δ - change

3. Self-correcting economy: below full-employment (recession)
Assume recessionary gap with flexible wages (w)
u% ↑.: w↓ .: SRAS→.: GDPR↑ & PL↓.: u%↓ & π%↓ = SRPC←
Self-correcting economy: above full-employment (inflation)
Assume inflationary gap with flexible wages (w)
u%↓ .: w↑ .: SRAS←.: GDPR↓ & PL ↑.: u%↑ & π%↑ = SRPC→
Expansionary fiscal policy on economy below full-employment (recession)
Assume recessionary gap with sticky wages (note: DI = disposable income)
T↓.: DI↑.: C↑.: AD→.: GDPR↑ & PL↑.: u%↓ & π%↑ = move up/left along SRPC OR
G↑.: AD→.: GDPR↑ & PL↑.: u%↓ & π%↑ = move up/left along SRPC
Contractionary fiscal policy on economy above full-employment (inflation)
Assume inflationary gap
T↑ .: DI↓.: C↓ .: AD← .: GDPR↓ & PL↓ .: u%↑ & π%↓ = move down\right along SRPC
G↓ .: AD← .: GDPR↓ & PL↓ .: u%↑ & π%↓ = move down\right along SRPC
Expansionary monetary policy on economy below full-employment (recession)
Assume recessionary gap with sticky wages
Fed buys bonds, DR↓, and/or RR↓ .: ER↑ .: MS→ .: i%↓ .: IG↑ .: AD→.: GDPR↑ & PL↑.: u%↓ & π%↑ = move up/left along SRPC
Contractionary monetary policy on economy above full-employment (inflation)
Fed sells bonds, DR↑, and/or RR↑ .: ER↓ .: MS ← .: i%↑ .: IG ↓ .: AD← .: GDPR↓ & PL↓ .: u%↑ & π%↓ = move down\right along SRPC

4. ‘Crowding In’ of Gross Private Investment (effect of budget surplus)
‘Crowding Out’ of Gross Private Investment (effect of deficit spending)
Assume Expansionary Fiscal Policy (G↑ and/or T↓ .: government budget moves toward deficit)
deficit spending .: DLF → or SLF ← .: r%↑ .: IG ↓ (partially or completely offsets intended increase in AD)
‘Crowding In’ of Gross Private Investment (effect of budget surplus)
Assume Contractionary Fiscal Policy (G↓ and/or T ↑ .: government budget moves toward surplus)
budget surplus .: DLF ← or SLF→ .: r% ↓ .: IG↑ (partially or completely offsets intended decrease in AD)
Expansionary Fiscal Policy Net Export Effect (counters policy)
deficit spending .: DLF → or SLF ← .: r%↑ .: D$ → .: $↑ .: U.S. goods/services relatively expensive and foreign goods/services are relatively cheap .: X↓ and/or M↑ .: XN ↓
Contractionary Fiscal Policy Net Export Effect (counters policy)
budget surplus .: DLF ← or SLF→ .: r% ↓ .: S$ → .: $↓ .: U.S. goods/services relatively cheap and foreign goods/services are relatively expensive .: X↑ and/or M↓ .: XN↑
Expansionary Monetary Policy Net Export Effect (reinforces policy)
Fed buys bonds, DR↓, and/or RR↓ .: ER↑ .: MS → .: i%↓ .: S$ → .: $↓ .: U.S. goods/services relatively cheap and foreign goods/services are relatively expensive .: X↑ and/or M↓ .: XN↑
Contractionary Monetary Policy Net Export Effect (reinforces policy)
Fed sells bonds, DR↑, and/or RR↑ .: ER↓ .: MS↓ .: i%↑ .: D$ → .: $↑ .: U.S. goods/services relatively expensive and foreign goods/services are relatively cheap .: X↓ and/or M↑ .: XN ↓