1. Nasal dissection and physiology
Rhinology
Nasal dissection and physiology

2. dissection
鼻（Nose)
External nose
Nasal cavity
Nasal sinuses

3. Dissection —external nose
Shape of external nose：pyramid
Nasal root
Nasal apex
Nasal bridge
Nasal dorsum
Alae nasi
Basis nasi—
anterior nares，columella nasi，nasolabial fold

4. Dissection —external nose
nose stretcher：
bone—prefrontal bone
nasal bone
ascending processes
of the maxillae
palatine process
Pyriform aperture

5. nose stretcher ： cartilage—lateral nasal cartilage
greater alar cartilage

6. Dissection —external nose
The venous drainage of the external nose
These veins mainly drain to internal carotid vein via angular vein and facial vein，but angular vein communicate to cavernous sinus via the the ophthalmic veins。
facial vein ---- no valve。
danger triangle of face

7. Dissection —nasal cavity
Nasal vestibule
nasal cavity

8. 鼻的应用解剖 —鼻腔
鼻前庭 ：位于鼻腔最前部，由皮肤复盖，富有皮脂腺和汗腺，并长有鼻毛 。
固有鼻腔 ：通称鼻腔，有内、外、顶、底四壁。

9. Dissection
nasal cavity
nostril、choanae
internal、external、top、bottom

10. Nasal cavity top: anterior: prefrontal bone nasal bone
posterior: anterior wall of
sphenoid sinus
intermediate: cribriform plate
bottom:
1.palatine process of maxilla horizontal process of palate bone

11. Dissection medial wall of nasal cavity
Nasal septum：cartilage of nasal septum, lamina plate of ethmoid bone and vomer。
Nosebleed area：the branches of arteries aggregate in intramembrane of nasal septum ,easy to bleeding ,so named Little area.

12. Lateral wall of nasal cavity
Three turbinates dispose like ladder(superior,
middle,inferior turbinate)
superior,middle,
inferior meatus

13. Lateral wall of nasal cavity
Inferior turbinate and inferior meatus:
middle turbinate and middle meatus :
Lamella of middle turbinate(devide ethmoid sinus to anterior part and posterior part)
The gap between the nasal septum and free margin of turbinate ,named meatus of nose

14. Lateral nasal passage
Frontal sinus drain to anterior superior part of ethmoidal infundibulum via nasofrontal duct , second drainage is anterior part of ethmoid sinus，last open is maxillary sinus.
uncinate process，ethmoid bulla，semilunar hiatus ，ethmoidal infundibulum

15. Dissection
Ostiomeatal complex,OMC： middle turbinate and middle meatus ，and other anatomical structure, anatomy basis of Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, FESS .

16. Dissection artery： external carotid artery——Maxillary Artery——
Inferior part of nasal cavity
internal carotid artery——ophthalmic artery——anterior ethmoid artery/posterior ethmoid artery——superior part of nasal cavity

17. Dissection—SINUSES Nasal sinuses anterior sinuses apertures
maxillary sinus middle meatus
anterior ethmoid sinus middle meatus
frontal sinus middle meatus
posterior sinuses apertures
posterior ethmoid sinus superiormeatus
Sphenoid sinus recessus sphenoethmoidalis

18. DISSECTION maxillary sinus anterior wall—canine fossa
posterior side wall—near internal pterygoid muscle
superior wall—orbital plate
foot wall—alveolar process（odontogenic maxillary sinusitis）
medial wall—hard to drain because of high aperture

19. frontal sinus

20. ethmoid sinus

21. sphenoid sinus

22. Nose –skull homologic anatomy
anterior cranial fossa: hanging wall of nasal cavity midpiece，posterior wall of frontal sinus, hanging wall of ethmoid sinus
middle cranial fossa： hanging wall/ lateral wall of sphenoid sinus
（pituitary gland、cavernous sinus、 internal carotid artery ）

23. Nose –oral homologic anatomy
posterior side wall of maxillary sinus ：internal pterygoid muscle
Footwall of maxillary sinus ：second bicuspid and
first molar、second molar
Foot wall of nasal cavity：pars palatalis

24. Nasal physiology Nasal cavity physiology
respiratory function—laminar flow AND turbulent flow
—nasal airway resistance AND nasal cycle
Protection function—cleaning and filtration，warming and moisturizing
olfactory function
resonant function

25. Nasal physiology Nasal sinuses physiology
resonant function ，lighten weight and keep head balance