1. Presenting Results Fernando A.C. Ligot, MHPEd, CSP-PASP January 2011
Presenting Research Results (Use of tables and figures in data presentation)
Fernando A.C. Ligot, MHPEd, CSP-PASP
January 2011
MADC Jan 2008

2. Objectives Discuss importance of data presentation
Presenting Results
Objectives
Discuss importance of data presentation
Describe the different types of figures, tables that can be used for presenting data
Cite examples of figures, tables that can be used for presenting data
Use the appropriate figure, table in presenting data
MADC Jan 2008

3. Presenting Results
Objectives
Label figures and tables according to prescribed format (APA)
Write a text that complements a given figure, chart, table etc.
MADC Jan 2008

4. Data presentation “a picture is worth a thousand words”
Presenting Results
Data presentation
“a picture is worth a thousand words”
Use of effective graphics can enhance understanding of complex data gathered
Aids in assimilating information
MADC Jan 2008

5. Color Number grey 10 blue 5 pink 6 teal 11 Presenting Results
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6. Data can be presented as:
Presenting Results
Data can be presented as:
Table
Figure
Graph (line graphs, bar graphs)
Chart (organizational chart)
MADC Jan 2008

7. Which one? What am I trying to communicate? Who is my audience?
Presenting Results
Which one?
What am I trying to communicate?
Who is my audience?
What might prevent the reader/audience from understanding my table/figure?
Does the table/figure tell the entire story?
MADC Jan 2008

8. Data presentation Report less complex data in text form
Presenting Results
Data presentation
Report less complex data in text form
Tables & figures
Only if shorter and clearer in text
Do not repeat data in text
Do refer to in text, and explain what reader needs to look for (ex. Fig 1 shows the mean speech perception scores in the aided and unaided condition)
From Melbourne uni lectures
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9. Tables For quantitative and qualitative data
Presenting Results
Tables
For quantitative and qualitative data
Helps in presenting large amount of data in a small amount of space
Tables with less than two or fewer columns & rows should be presented in text
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10. Tables Provide detailed information in a concise fashion
NOT used to display the entire study
SHOULD emphasize MAJOR points only
Place tables as close as possible to the section of text to which it refers

11. Considerations in Creating Tables
Presenting Results
Considerations in Creating Tables
Rounded off values vs precise values
Comparison can be made easier between columns than across rows – present results in columns or rows
Column and row averages give a visual focus that allows the reader understand the data better
MADC Jan 2008

12. Tables and Text Tables SUPPLEMENT, not DUPLICATE the text
Presenting Results
Tables and Text
Tables SUPPLEMENT, not DUPLICATE the text
Refer to the table in the text and tell reader what to look for
Discuss in text the table’s highlights
Each table should be integral part of the text, but can still be clearly understood on its own
MADC Jan 2008

13. Presenting Results
Tables and Text
Number tables with Arabic numerals in the order which they appear in text
Double spaced for clarity
Title usually above table
Must provide sufficient detail, may include subject, test, conditions, units, stat
Do not use suffix letters to number tables (1a)
MADC Jan 2008

14. Tables Choice of headings important
Presenting Results
Tables
Choice of headings important
need to be informative & clear, but short
Length should be within the widest entry of the columns it spans
Grade level Grade
Use footnotes to explain or add extra info
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15. Presenting Results
Other Things To Note :
Explain abbreviations, underlines, parenthesis, dashes and special symbols.
Correctly identify probability level values
Notes are ordered in the following sequence: general note (with the word Note underlined) , specific note, probability note
Use horizontal rule, remove vertical rule
Always refer table in text
MADC Jan 2008

16. Presenting Results
Three lines:
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17. Figures Graph, photo, diagram Numbered by Arabic numerals
Presenting Results
Figures
Graph, photo, diagram
Numbered by Arabic numerals
Title is usually above fig
Must provide sufficient detail, may incl subj., test, conditions, stat
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18. A Good Figure: Augments rather than duplicate text
Presenting Results
A Good Figure:
Augments rather than duplicate text
Conveys important facts
Is not visually distracting
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19. A Good Figure:
Is easy to read: its elements are large enough to be read
Is easy to understand
Is consistent with the rest of the figures in the paper
Is carefully planned and prepared

20. Graphs Provide a visual demonstration of research results
Presenting Results
Graphs
Provide a visual demonstration of research results
Show trends, relationships and comparisons more effectively and concisely
Show relationship between two quantitative variables
MADC Jan 2008

21. Presenting Results
Line Graphs
Independent variable (cause or treatment procedure) is plotted on the horizontal (x-axis)
Dependent variable (outcome) is plotted on the vertical (y-axis)
MADC Jan 2008

22. Line Graphs Scales can be linear, logarithmic or log linear
Presenting Results
Line Graphs
Scales can be linear, logarithmic or log linear
Grid marks on axes demarcate measurement
Keep lines straight and simple. Remove unnecessary detail
Remember, graphs are supposed to show data, not technical skills of the writer/illustrator
MADC Jan 2008

23. Presenting Results
Figure 1. Comparison of heart rates of subjects in relation to time spent on the treadmill.
MADC Jan 2008

24. Presenting Results
Bar Graphs
Used when the independent variable is categorical (different experimental conditions, different language tests)
Suitable for comparing the scores of different groups or individuals, particularly on a number of different tests or at different assessment points
MADC Jan 2008

25. Figure 2. Scores of six students in SP 104 exam.
Presenting Results
Figure 2. Scores of six students in SP 104 exam.
MADC Jan 2008

26. Presenting Results
Pie Graphs
Suitable for indicating sizes of diff groups within the data
100% graphs, show percentages and proportions
Items to compare should be limited to five or less
Order segments from large to small. Start from 12 o’clock
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27. Presenting Results
Figure 3. Distribution of Speech Pathology Practice in the Philippines (n=53)
MADC Jan 2008

28. Presenting Results
Scatter Graphs
Useful when trying to indicate the relationship between two factors
Consist of single dots plotted to represent the values of single events on the two variables scaled on the x- and y-axes
Dependent variable; y-axis (ex % correct)
Independent: x-axis (test, subject)
MADC Jan 2008

29. Presenting Results
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30. Choice of Scale Significant differences should look clearly different
Presenting Results
Choice of Scale
Significant differences should look clearly different
Dependent on minimum and max scores
Use same scale for figures that will be compared
MADC Jan 2008

31. Presenting Results
Charts
Describe relations between parts of a group or object or the sequence of operations in a process
Usually in the form of boxes connected by lines (organizational chart)
MADC Jan 2008

32. Preparation of Figures
Presenting Results
Preparation of Figures
Choose appropriate grid scale
Use tick marks to indicate units of measurements
Label each axis with the quantity measured and the units in which it is measured
Place labels parallel to the proper axes
Use distinct, simple geometric shapes
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33. Presenting Results
Legends and Captions
Legends should have the same kind and proportion of lettering
Captions serve as both an explanation and title of the figure. Should be brief and descriptive
MADC Jan 2008

35. Presenting Statistics
Presenting Results
Presenting Statistics
Mean is presented as M (italics)
Standard Deviation - SD
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36. Italics and Spacing Statistical symbols are placed in italics
Presenting Results
Italics and Spacing
Statistical symbols are placed in italics
Put a space between each reported statistic or equation
 (M=12, SD=1.08)
 (M = 12, SD = 1.08)
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37. Presenting Results
Use of Parenthesis
Descriptive statistics are usually placed in parenthesis.
Simple statistics are also placed in parenthesis
Ex: The findings of the study were highly significant (p < .001, two tailed test)
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38. Thank You for Listening

39. Reference Presenting Results
Cruz, M.A.D (2008). Presenting Results. UP CAMP Association, A. P. (1995). Publication Manual. Washington DC, American Psychological Association. Making Tables and Figures. Statistical/Data Presentation Tools Krawiecm P.A., (1995). The Use of Tables, Illustrations, and graphs for effective research presentation. Journal of Vascular Nursing. Portney L.G. & Watkins, M.P. (2009).Foundations of Clinical Research: Application to Practice. 3rd Ed.Prentice Hall.
MADC Jan 2008