1. What Is Biotechnology?
Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify
a product
improve plants or animals
to develop microorganisms for specific uses

2. WHAT COULD SOME POSSIBLE REASONS BE????
Adding a clotting agent to the blood that would help dissolve clots.
TPA--- DONE!!!!!
What if:
Cancer free genetics
HIV free genetics
Creating something that was resistant to these diseases??? IS IT POSSIBLE?

3. Genetic Engineering GMO’s:
Genetic engineering is taking one or more genes from one organism and …..
Transferring them to another organism
Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations
GMO’s:
Transgenic Organisms: Bt Corn ( pest resistant)
Recombinant DNA (rDNA): rInsulin

4. What are the Benefits of Biotechnology?
Medicine
Human
TPA, Dissolve blood clots
Cancer Treatments
Embryo Screening
Veterinary
Hybrid Dogs
Surrogate Cows
Environment
Clean up oil spills (bioremediation)
Agriculture
Bt Corn ( pest resistant)
Food products
Cheese, Yogurt, Fermented foods, Bread, Alcohol)
Industry/manufacturing
Better cleaners

5. Insulin
The first commercial product made by genetic engineering (1976).
Insulin is the hormone used to control their blood sugar levels in diabetics
First sold in 1982, (S. San Francisco)
PIGS
E. Coli

6. Biotech Tools Ligase: an enzyme that pastes DNA back together
Restriction Enzyme: an enzyme that cuts DNA
Ligase: an enzyme that pastes DNA back together
re-establishes the ester bond
Gene of Interest: Example Insulin Gene
Recipient Genome: E. coli plasmid
Plasmid: Circular DNA that bacteria have in addition to the normal chromosome

7. Restriction Enzyme Restriction Enzyme: an enzyme that cuts DNA
Natural function of restriction enzymes
To protect bacteria against viruses.
Digest foreign (e.g. viral) DNA.
Restriction enzymes are isolated from bacteria

8. A closer look…. EroR1 3’….TGACATGCTTAAGCGAT….5’
EcoR1
5’….ACTGTACGAATTCGCTA….3’
3’….TGACATGCTTAAGCGAT….5’

9. A closer look…. EcoR1 AATTCGCTA….3’ GCGAT….5’ 5’….ACTGTACG
3’….TGACATGCTTAA
“sticky ends”
-can bind with other DNA
molecules with the same
overhangs

10. DNA Ligase 5’….ACTGTACAGATCCGCTA….3’ 3’….TGACATGTCTAGGCGAT….5’

11. Let’s Try it Genetic Engineering DEMO TAATGGATCCTT: Gene of Interest
G GATCC BamH1 Sequence
G AATTC EcoR1 Sequence
Crime Scene Activity
Tape: Ligase
Scissors: Restriction Enzyme

12. Create Your Own Recombinant DNA !
Using the shorter sequence, create your plasmid, remember they are circular
Highlight the gene of interest TAATGGATCCTT
Figure our what restriction enzyme to use GAATTC EcoR1 Sequence
CTTAAG
GGATCC BamH1 Sequence
CCTAGG
The plasmid and DNA must be cut with same Restriction Enzyme
Create your Recombinant DNA.

14. HOW IS IT DONE? Steps for genetically engineering Insulin
Take a human cell and remove the nucleus
Extract the DNA (genome) from the nucleus
Locate the Insulin gene
Cut out the Insulin gene with a restriction enzyme
Take a Bacterial Plasmid and cut open with the same restriction enzyme
Place the Insulin gene into the bacterial Plasmid; you now have recombinant DNA.
Place the recombinant DNA back into an Bacterial Cell (transformation)
The Bacteria will now produce insulin.

15. Gel electrophoresis
We can use the fragments made by the restriction digestion to make a DNA fingerprint
DNA is negatively charged (due to phosphate backbone)
When we pump electrical charge into the buffer, it will make the DNA move towards the positive charge
Sorts DNA by length
Smaller DNA fragments travel further in the gel

16. Imagine you are a DNA molecule
If you were inside an agarose gel, your environment would resemble a very dense spider web.
The smaller the DNA fragment, the easier it is to get through the web.
This creates a DNA Fingerprint

17. Who Committed The Crime?
Crime Scene DNA
Who Committed The Crime?

18. Crime Scene Activity
Digest (Cut) the DNA samples with the restriction enzymes
Separate the fragments on the Electrophoresis Gel
Observe the differences and similarities to determine the guilty suspect.

19. Crime Scene Analysis Restriction Digestion with EcoR1 (GAATTC)
Repeat with BamH1 (GGATCC)
Exclude Suspects
Plot fragments on Mock Gel (based on fragment sizes)
Answer questions.
Answer Wrap Questions
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