1. Biological Cycles

2. Overview Matter Biogeochemical Cycles
C.H.O.N.P. <- Elements living organisms are made of

3. Matter
All material in the universe that has mass and occupies space is called matter.
Atoms- smallest unit of an element
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

4. Biogeochemical Cycles
Matter is neither created or destroyed
Matter cycles through our world
And Nutrients are matter that organisms need for life. These also circulate throughout the environment in biogeochemical cycles.

5. Biogeochemical Cycles
BIO – refer to the LIVING organisms
GEO – refers to the Earth, rock and LAND.
CHEMICAL – molecules, REACTIONS and atoms.

6. Water Cycle Defined: Movement of water through the atmosphere
75% of the earth’s surface is covered by water
Most water undrinkable (salty & frozen)

7. Water Cycle Water rises in two ways:
1) Evaporation: heat from the sun changes water from liquid to gas
2) Transpiration: evaporation of water from the leaves of plants
H2O
H2O

8. Water Cycle Water rises in two ways: H O
1) Evaporation: heat from the sun changes water from liquid to gas
2) Transpiration: evaporation of water from the leaves of plants
Stomata: microscopic pores on underside of leaves H O

9. Water Cycle Water rises in two ways:
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
Water rises in two ways:
1) Evaporation: heat from the sun changes water from liquid to gas
2) Transpiration: evaporation of water from the leaves of plants
Stomata: microscopic pores on underside of leaves
H2O
H2O

10. Water Cycle Condensation: changing of water vapor to liquid water
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
Condensation: changing of water vapor to liquid water
Cause: cool temperatures
Moisture in the air condensed when it came into contact with the cold bottle

11. Water Cycle Condensation: changing of water vapor to liquid water
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
Condensation: changing of water vapor to liquid water
Cause: cool temperatures
Clouds are the effects of condensation

12. Water Cycle
H2O
H2O
H2O
Precipitation: Falling of water back to the surface of the Earth
Rain
Snow
Sleet
Hail

13. Water Cycle On the ground:
H2O
H2O
H2O
On the ground:
1) Runoff: water runs downhill into rivers, lakes, oceans…
2) Infiltration: water soaks into soil and collects as groundwater
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O

14. Water Cycle On the ground:
1) Runoff: water runs downhill into rivers, lakes, oceans…
2) Infiltration: water soaks into soil and collects as groundwater
well
Groundwater is “recharged” by infiltration

15. Water Cycle condensation precipitation transpiration infiltration
runoff
evaporation

16. Carbon Cycle Carbon (C) is the basis of organic molecules Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids

17. Carbon Cycle Plants and Producers Absorb CO2 during photosynthesis
Produce glucose (C6H12O6) via photosynthesis
glucose

18. Carbon Cycle
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
Animals
Glucose moves up the food chain when animals eat plants
CO2 released into atmosphere
CO2
glucose
CO2
glucose

19. Carbon Cycle Decomposers Obtain glucose by feeding on the dead
CO2 released into atmosphere
CO2
glucose
CO2
CO2
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose

20. Carbon Cycle Human contribution
Excess CO2 is being released from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
Cycle is out of balance
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
glucose
CO2
CO2
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose

21. Carbon Cycle CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
glucose
CO2
CO2
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose

22. N Nitrogen Cycle Problem: Nitrogen in atmosphere (N2) is unusable
N2 bonds very stable
Nitrogen needed to build DNA N

23. Nitrogen fixation to Ammonium
Nitrogen Cycle
Step 1: Soil Bacteria & Bacteria in Legume roots convert N2 into usable nitrates
Step 2: Bacteria absorb nitrates… release N waste into air N2
Step 3: Producers absorb nitrates through their roots
Step 4: Consumers ingest N through the food chain
Step 5: Decomposers obtain N from the dead… return nitrates to soil N 3 4 N N2 2 5 N
Nitrates
Nitrates
Nitrates
Nitrates
Nitrates 1
Nitrogen fixation to Ammonium

24. The Role of Lightning N O O O N O N N O O N O N O N O N O N N N O N N N N N N N O N N N O N O O O N N N O N O N O N N N N N O N O O O O O N N N O
Energy from lightning breaks apart N2 into N… and O2 into O

25. Phosphorus Cycle
Unlike the other cycles, phosphorus cannot be found in air in the gaseous state.
The phosphorus cycle is the SLOWEST cycle.
Phosphorus is most commonly found in rock formations and ocean sediments as phosphate salts.
Phosphate salts that are released from rocks through weathering usually dissolve in soil water and will be absorbed by plants.

26. Quickly complete your Cycle Diagrams

31. Phosphorus Cycle
Animals absorb phosphates by eating plants or plant-eating animals.
When animals and plants die, phosphates will return to the soils or oceans again during decomposition.
After that, phosphorus will end up in sediments or rock formations again, remaining there for millions of years.
Eventually, phosphorus is released again through weathering and the cycle starts over.

33. Human Impacts on the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycle
excessive richness of nutrients in a body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.
Increased use of fertilizers increases phosphorus and nitrogen runoff into our waterways and contributes to eutrophication.