1. The Psychoanalytic Approach: Sigmund Freud
Mr. van Over
Psychology
Spring 2012

2. Contents Biography Psychoanalytic Method & Tools
Structure of the Personality
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Psychosexual Stages of Development

3. Sigmund Freud,
Freud was born in 1856 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His parents were Jews from Galicia, but lived in a small Moravian village at the time Freud was born.
The Freud family moved to Vienna, capital of the empire, when Sigmund was 4; he would live there until the Germans occupied Austria in 1938

4. The Jakob Freud Families
-Jakob, a merchant, had 2 sons from a previous marriage
-Jakob is 40 when he marries 20-year-old Amalié (she is his son’s age)
-Sigmund is the first of 8 children born to Jakob and Amalié
Ca. 1878

5. Father and Son Father was old enough to be his grandfather
Father is not very successful in business
Story—complied meekly when told “Get off the sidewalk, Jew”
After Jakob’s 1896 death, Freud analyzed himself and admitted hostile feelings toward his father

6. Mother and Son
OTOH Freud’s relationship with his mother was much warmer

7. A Brilliant Student
Freud enters the University of Vienna in 1873 and later, its medical school
He prefers research, but must go into private practice to earn enough money to marry
In 1881 he qualifies for a doctor of medicine degree

8. The Courtship of Martha Bernays
In the same year Freud earns his M.D. (1881), he falls in love
Engagement to Martha Bernays lasts 4 years
He writes her over 900 letters
“Victorian” romance
He falls in love and becomes engaged to a young woman from Hamburg, Martha Bernays. Because research offers no prospect of advancement or of making enough money to marry, Freud leaves the laboratory and embarks on a medical career. His first step is in a post as houseman at the Vienna General Hospital. Over the four years until his marriage he continues to be desperately short of money and often complains of this in his letters.

9. Marriage Freud weds Martha in September 1886
After 6th child is born, Freud gives up sex for a number of years
In 1936 the couple celebrate their golden (50th) anniversary

10. Freud’s Children
From left: Freud with sons Martin and Ernst, in uniform, January 1916; Freud’s sons Martin, Ernst, and Oliver c. 1900; daughters Anna, Mathilde, and Sophie; Freud with Anna c. 1913; the Freud children with grandmother Minna Bernays

11. Cocaine studies,
Freud is able to prove that cocaine can be used as a local anaesthetic. "So coca is associated above all with my name" he wrote to Martha
On the basis of Freud's research Carl Koller is to use cocaine in eye surgery, for which he gains scientific recognition.
Freud's attempt to cure Fleischl's morphine addiction by cocaine only results in a substitute addiction.
Top, Carl Koller
Bottom, Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow

12. Study in Paris (1885)
Freud wins a travelling scholarship to study the effects of nervous diseases such as hysteria, under Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpetriere in Paris
A lesson of Jean-Martin Charcot in which a hysterical patient is presented. A lithograph of this painting by Brouillet hung in Freud's consulting room.

13. Private Practice
Freud opens his private practice in 1886, allowing him to marry
In 1896 he moves his practice to 19 Bergasse, where he will stay until 1938
Fashionable district of Vienna
A museum today

14. Hysteria
Freud gives a lecture at the scientific society on the etiology of hysteria in which he claims that "at the bottom of every case of hysteria there are one or more occurrences of premature sexual experience”
The response: "It sounds like a scientific fairy tale."

15. Freud’s Work First Phase, 1886-1895
Freud studies hysteria from private practice (mostly white upper-class women)

16. Freud’s Work Second Phase, 1895-1900
Upon the October 1896 death of his father, Freud analyzes himself
During this period he
Names his new science psychoanalysis
Abandons hypnotism in favor of interpretation of dreams
Emerges with a whole new theory

17. Freud’s Work Third Phase, 1900-1914
Freud studies id psychology and develops his first system of psychoanalytic theory
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18. Freud’s Work Fourth Phase, 1915-1939
Ego psychology
Extension and reworking of earlier ideas
Thanatos, the death instinct

19. Freud Visits America
In 1909 G Stanley Hall invites Freud to do a series of lectures at Clark University
Freud is pleased to find his American audiences have read his works

20. A Dark Period Austria loses the Great War (and its empire)
Freud’s daughter Sophie dies in 1920
By 1923, Freud has the first of over 30 surgeries for his cancer of the throat
Begins writing about Thanatos, the Death Instincts

21. Leaving Nazi Austria Freud decides to leave his homeland after
Nazi Germany takes over Austria
Hitler burns his books
his home is entered (and robbed) by the Nazis
daughter Anna and son Martin are arrested for a day
Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud (center), escorted by Marie Bonaparte (Princess Marie of Greece), and by American ambassador to France William Bullitt, shortly after his arrival in Paris after leaving Vienna en route to London, June 1938.

22. Contents Psychoanalytic Method & Tools Biography
Structure of the Personality
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Psychosexual Stages of Development

23. Studying in Paris with Charcot, 1885-1886
Charcot used hypnosis to treat hysteria
Breakthrough idea
Diseases can be caused by ideas
Can produce a physical symptom
Not just in body, but also in mind
Leads Freud to develop the “unconscious” mind
Professor Jean-Martin Charcot teaching at the Salpêtrière in Paris, France: showing his students a woman in an "hysterical fit“. (Painted in 1887 by André Brouillet)

24. Josef Breuer and Anna O Like Freud, Breuer was a Viennese psychiatrist
The case of Anna O
The “talking cure”
Traumatic childhood experiences
Sexual abuse—real or fantasy
Repression
During his training, Freud befriended Josef Breuer, another physician and physiologist. They often discussed medical cases together and one of Breuer's would have a lasting effect on Freud. Known as Anna O., this patient was a young woman suffering from what was then called hysteria. She had temporary paralysis, could not speak her native German but could speak French and English, couldn't drink water even when thirsty, and so on. Breuer discovered that if he hypnotized her, she would talk of things she did not remember in the conscious state, and afterwards her symptoms were relieved -- thus it was called "the talking cure."
Anna O is the pseudonym for Bertha Pappenheim

25. Uncovering the Unconscious
Free Association—the patient, relaxed (usually reclined upon a couch), describes free-flowing thoughts without editing them

26. Uncovering the Unconscious
Dream Interpretation—a window for viewing the contents of the unconscious
“royal road to the unconscious”
Frontispiece from Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams

27. Uncovering the Unconscious
Parapraxis—(pl. parapraxes) a leakage from the unconscious mind manifesting a mistake, accident, omission, or memory lapse; also called Freudian slip
An error that is believed to express unconscious wishes, attitudes, or impulses. Examples of such errors include slips of the pen, slips of the tongue and other forms of verbal leakage, forgetting significant events, mislaying objects with unpleasant associations, unintentional puns, and motivated accidents.

28. Instincts: The Propelling Force of Personality
By the 1870s the “conservation of energy” was regarded as a law of science
German scholars suggested this applied to all living systems and called it psychodynamics
Freud took the idea a step forward in looking for an energy system that could power living organisms, including humans
Freud called it instincts

29. Instincts: The Propelling Force of Personality
Instinct is the representation in the mind of stimuli that originate within the body
a force that drives one to take action
When the body is in a state of need, the person experiences a condition of tension
The aim of an instinct is to satisfy the need and reduce the state of tension

30. Life Instincts
Life instincts—the drive for survival of the individual and the species by satisfying the needs for food, water, air, and sex. The most important is sex (Eros).
Libido—the form of psychic energy manifested by the life instincts that drives the individual toward pleasurable behaviors and thoughts

31. Death Instincts
The unconscious drive toward decay, destruction, and aggression.
Aggressive drive—the compulsion to destroy, conquer, and kill.
Developed after WWI
At the end of our lives, the death instinct is victorious

32. Contents Structure of the Personality Biography
Psychoanalytic Method & Tools
Structure of the Personality
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Psychosexual Stages of Development

33. Structure of the Mind
In the structural theory, the mind is divided into three psychic structures
Consciousness
Preconscious
Unconscious

34. Levels of Consciousness
deals with reality
is tied to your perception of the external world
operates on the Reality Principle
Preconscious
contains material that can easily be brought into consciousness (e.g., 3 x 7 = ?)
memories

35. Levels of Consciousness (continued)
Unconscious
Rooted in biology
not organized
not logical
makes no time distinctions
basic premise called the Pleasure Principle
ultimate source of motivation
always in conflict with society

36. Freud’s Iceberg Model of the Mind

37. The Structure of Personality
Id (“It”)
instincts, energy, aim of tension-reduction
Pleasure Principle, primary process thinking
Ego (“I”)
Reality Principle, secondary process thinking
deals with the external world; behaves defensively
Superego (“over-I”)
Conscience, Ego-ideal

38. The Id versus the Superego

39. Freud’s Iceberg Model

40. id, ego, superego identification activity
Mary has been studying for weeks for the final exam in calculus. The test is Monday. On Friday afternoon her boyfriend, Justin, tells her that he has tickets for the Saturday and Sunday performances of the annual Shakespeare Festival. Mary loves Shakespeare and would really like to spend time with Justin, but feels guilty and anxious about it because she must continue to study for the exam. She eventually realizes that she can tell Justin that she must study on Saturday, but would love to go with him on Sunday.

41. Situation 1
Mary’s id wants her to go with Justin all weekend, since she loves Shakespeare and wants to spend time with Justin
Her Superego wants her to study all weekend for her calculus final exam
Her Ego is able to reconcile the id and Superego by allowing her to study on Saturday and attend the performance on Sunday

42. id, ego, superego identification activity
Tom has just gotten his driver’s license. His parents allow him to drive to and from school, but nowhere else before or after. His friends want him to drive them to the mall on the way home, which is about 2 miles out of his way. Tom feels nervous at first, and then starts thinking how mean his friends’ suggestion is and that he should find new friends who won’t ask him to break rules.

43. Situation 2
Tom feels a conflict between his wish to accommodate his friends, his wish for his parents’ approval, and his moral Superego need to be honest and do the right thing
The best compromise his Ego is able to come up with is to think about finding different friends
A person with a stronger Ego might find a better compromise

44. Anxiety: A Threat to the Ego
Anxiety—to Freud, a feeling of fear and dread without an obvious cause.
The birth trauma is the first experience with anxiety and fear.
Trauma—to Freud, unable to cope with anxiety; helpless
Three Types of Anxiety
Reality (or objective) anxiety—a fear of tangible dangers in the real world
Neurotic anxiety
Moral anxiety

45. Objective Anxiety
A fear of tangible dangers in the real world

46. Neurotic Anxiety: Conflict between Id and Ego
Pleasure Principle
Ego
Reality Principle
Immediate gratification of needs
Internally oriented
Unconcerned with safety
Gratification of needs when appropriate
Externally and internally oriented
Concerned with safety
Conflict

47. Moral Anxiety: Conflict between Id and Superego
Pleasure Principle
Superego
Ego-ideal and Conscience
Occurs when an instinctual impulse is contrary to one’s moral code.
Feelings of guilt, shame, or of being “conscience-stricken”
Internal
Conflict

48. Strong Ego
Weak Ego
Frankly admits the nature of instinctual demands, environmental forces, and the superego’s commands
Then, directly deals with problems in reasoned ways
Still childish and immature, the ego uses more devious techniques of adjustment
The ego seeks to fool itself and others about its inability to solve conflicts by using…
Defense mechanisms

49. Abnormal behavior stems from intrapsychic conflicts
Hysteria
Phobias, obsessions, compulsions
Everyday life expressions (jokes, slips of the tongue)
Defense mechanisms…

50. Contents Ego Defense Mechanisms Biography
Psychoanalytic Method & Tools
Structure of the Personality
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Psychosexual Stages of Development

51. Defense Mechanisms
A strategy used by the ego to defend itself against the anxiety provoked by the conflicts of everyday life; involves denials or distortions of reality.

52. repression Defense Mechanisms
The automatic, non-conscious process of pushing distressing matters out of consciousness and into the unconscious
Repressed material continues to foment distress, producing the neurotic symptoms Freud saw in his medical practice

53. regression Defense Mechanisms
returning to a previous stage of development
e.g., sitting in a corner and crying after hearing bad news; throwing a temper tantrum when you don’t get your way

54. reaction formation Defense Mechanisms
taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety
e.g., having a bias against a particular race or culture, and then embracing that race or culture to the extreme

55. projection Defense Mechanisms
placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else
e.g., when losing an argument, you say “You’re stupid!”

56. rationalization Defense Mechanisms
Generating self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions
a student doesn’t have a 2-week report turned in because “the printer is out of ink”

57. displacement Defense Mechanisms
Diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings

58. sublimation Defense Mechanisms
the substitution of a socially acceptable mode of expressing sexual or aggressive energy

59. denial Defense Mechanisms
arguing against an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn’t exist
e.g., denying that your physician’s diagnosis of cancer is correct

60. Contents Psychosexual Stages of Development Biography
Psychoanalytic Method & Tools
Structure of the Personality
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Psychosexual Stages of Development

61. Psychosexual Stages of Development
Stages through which children pass and in which instinctual gratification depends on the stimulation of corresponding areas of the body
Fixation—state in which a portion of the libido remains invested in one of the psychosexual stages because of excessive frustration or gratification. This leaves less energy for the next stages.
Erogenous Zone—a body region that is sensitive to stimulation. (It feels good when rubbed or massaged.)

62. Psychosexual Stages of Development
The theory states how children develop
Freud did not work with children to develop the theory
Freud worked with his adult patients using free association and dream interpretation to develop the theory

63. Psychosexual Stages Stage Age Range Erogenous zone Oral 0-2 Mouth Anal
2-4
Anus and urethra
Phallic
3-5
Genitals
Latency
5-puberty
All dormant
Oedipus Complex
Genital
Puberty
All primary and secondary sexual characteristics

64. The Oral Stage Physical focus Personality structure
Psychological theme
mouth id
dependence, passivity
Sub-stage
Fixation(s)
Oral incorporative behavior
(Taking in)
Eating, drinking, smoking, kissing
Gullible; will swallow anything they are told
Oral aggressive
(occurs during the painful eruption of teeth)
Pessimism, hostility, aggression
Argumentative and sarcastic, making “biting” remarks and exhibiting sadistic tendencies toward others

65. The Anal Stage Physical focus Personality structure
Psychological theme
anus, urethra
ego
obedience and self-control
Sub-stage
Fixation(s)
Anal aggressive
(Defecates freely)
Hostile and sadistic behaviors: cruelty, destructiveness, temper tantrums
Sloppy; slob
Anal retentive
(“Holds it in”)
Stubborn and stingy: hoards
Rigid, compulsively neat, obstinate, overly conscientious

66. The Phallic Stage an Infantile Genital Period
Physical focus
Personality structure
Psychological theme
sexual organs
superego
gender identity
General behavior
Child becomes curious about birth and about why a sibling is different in the genital area; talks about marrying the parent of the opposite sex
Basic conflict
Centers around the unconscious incestuous desire of the child for the parent of the opposite sex; Identification with same-sex parent
Fixation
Identification with the opposite-sex parent may be a cause of homosexuality (says Freud)
Related concepts
Oedipus complex; castration anxiety; Electra complex; penis envy

67. Latency Physical focus Personality structure Psychological theme n/a
learning and cognitive development
Latency Defined
Hidden; Present in the Unconscious, but not consciously expressed
Latency is not a stage
Sex instinct is dormant
Sublimated in school activities, hobbies, sports; developing friendships with members of the same sex
Infantile amnesia
Through repression, the child “forgets” the sex urges and activities of the first five years of life

68. Genital Stage Physical focus Personality structure Psychological theme
sexuality in the context of a mature relationship
id, ego, and superego are well-balanced
creation and enhancement of life
Puberty
Maturation and sexual development mean physical changes in youth bodies and gratification involving sexual orgasm
Conflicts
Conflict is minimized through the use of sublimation (sex through marriage; outlets such as career)
Heterosexual relationships
If there are no major fixations in earlier periods, one may lead a non-neurotic, heterosexual life

69. Criticisms of Freudian theory
Overemphasis on infantile sexuality
Overstressed early personality formation
Failed to consider adult personality changes
Overemphasized the unconscious

70. Criticisms of Freudian theory
Artificial division of personality (id, ego, superego)
Negative, pessimistic nature of man
Anti-female
Case study method not scientific