1. APUSH UNIT 6

2. KEY THEMES Modernization & Laissez-Faire Immigration vs. Native Born
Grange Movement
Populist Party
The Gilded Age and Robber Barons
Gospel of Wealth (social gospel movement)
The Rise of Political Corruption
Tammany Hall
Labors growth and clash with business
Rise of Jim Crow Segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson

3. Key Terms for Unit 6 Large Trusts
Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin American Markets
Laissez-Faire Policies
New South
People’s Party (Populist Party)
Americanization
Middle Class
Transcontinental Railroads
Railroads, Mining, Farming, Ranching

4. Key Terms Continued
Social Gospel
Jane Adams
Gilded Age
Social Darwinism
American Indians

5. Promontory Point, Utah May 10, 1869

6. Time Zones in the US brought about because of needs of RRs for standardized time

7. American farmers in the Midwest most hurt by railroad abuses
Depression in 1870s brings protests
Farmers organized into groups like the Grange Movement and worked with state legislatures to regulate railroads, reducing prices, so railroads sued in Federal Court
1886 – Wabash v. Illinois
Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate interstate (between states) commerce

8. 1st time Fed Government attempts to regulate a portion of the economy
1887 – Interstate Commerce Act passed by Congress {pushed after Wabash case}
Prohibited rebates and pools
Required railroads to publish rates openly
Stopped discrimination against shippers
Can’t charge more for short than long hauls
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) set up to enforce the law
1st time Fed Government attempts to regulate a portion of the economy

9. President Grant Administration deals with 4 major corruption scandals 1. Gold Market 2. Railroads 3. Whiskey Ring 4. Indian Lands

10. Corruption not limited to Federal Government Boss Tweed is finally stopped by N.Y. Times investigation

11. Panic of 1873
Caused by over-expansion of railroads, mines, factories, farms & fueled by bad loans
Economy collapsed leading to bank runs
Led to depression that lasted for 4 years
The other issue was the greenbacks and it would ultimately lead to the Silver/Gold movement

12. 1877 Reconstruction ends and Republicans abandoned blacks in South
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places but passed without enforcement measures
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Supreme Court declared Act unconstitutional
14th Amendment prohibited governmental discrimination not private discrimination

13. Civil War Pensions and Pensioners, 1866–1917

14. Cleveland believed government should keep its hands off business affairs (laissez-faire)
“Though the people support the government, the government should not support the people.” (Cleveland)
He would veto many Civil War pension bills
He is the only Democratic President between 1860 and 1912.

15. Andrew Carnegie was king of steel: Scottish immigrant who rose from poverty to wealth and then gave almost all away Gospel of Wealth

16. Combining into 1 organization all phases of manufacturing
Combining into 1 organization all phases of manufacturing. Provided manufacturers with more reliable supplies, more control over quality, and eliminated middlemen’s fees

17. Bessemer Process

19. J. P. Morgan World’s Leading Banker

20. John D. Rockefeller Organizes Standard Oil Company to dominate the oil industry

21. What a Puny Little Government

22. Who is “strong” and who is “weak”?

23. POPULATION GROWTH
Massive immigration in 1880s and 1890s includes large Chinese immigration bringing laws to exclude
Immigrants flood cities leading to the power of political machines and corruption at all levels of government

24. Welcome?

25. The Shift to the City The % of population living in cities doubles from 1860 to 1900

26. The Urban Slum: Jacob Riis

27. Lower East Side New York City

28. A School in New York, 1886

29. Looking Backward

30. Bad $ Times bring Discontent
1892 – People’s Party (Populists) emerged
Grew out of Farmers’ Alliance and they want:
unlimited coinage of silver (16 to 1 ratio) “inflation”
Graduated income tax (progressive tax)
Gov’t ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone
Direct election of US senators
1-term limit for president
Adoption of initiative and referendum procedures
Shorter workday
Immigration restriction

31. Populist Support in the West Election of 1892

32. Depression of 1893 (Panic) Lasted for 4 years
Worst of 1800s : Causes included:
Overbuilding and speculation
Problems with workers and strikes
Agricultural depression
Effect of depression was collapse of businesses and failure of banks
GOV’T BELIEVED IN LAZZIE FAIRE SO WOULD NOT INTERFERE OR HELP BUSINESS

34. Educational Spending in the South 1890 – 1910 following the Plessy decision

35. Lynching and violence used to deny rights

36. Indian Land Losses, 1850 – 2000

37. 1893 – Frederick Jackson Turner’s essay, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”
Frontier acted as a “safety valve”, allowing immigrants and poor in cities to move west and prosper, instead of staying in cities and spreading discontent (strikes, socialism, rebellion, etc.) as the poor did in Europe .
Not all historians accept this “safety value” theory

38. Farmers and the 4 D’s Grangers get states to help them
(Debt, Drought, Deflation, Depression)
State laws passed to regulate R.R. rates and fees from grain elevators and warehouses
State laws overturned by Supreme Court
Wabash v. Illinois (1886) – states had no power to regulate interstate commerce; only Congress could do that
Grange movement faded as laws stricken

39. “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”