1. Regulation of the Internal Environment
Chapter 32
Regulation of the Internal Environment

2. What is the difference between EXCRETION and ELIMINATION??
The Excretory System:
What is the difference between EXCRETION and ELIMINATION??

3. Look at the flowchart on page 1 in your notepacket…

5. Excretion
Waste is released from metabolic processes inside of a cell.
Ex.) Urine, sweat

6. Regulation of wastes:
Cells produce waste products  they must be excreted or the person becomes ill.

7. Elimination
Food that cannot be digested is eliminated
Ex.) Feces

8. What is metabolism?
All chemical reactions in the cells of the organism

9. Metabolic Waste
Waste that must be excreted after a chemical reaction

10. What are 2 metabolic wastes we have already learned about?
1. CO2
2. H2O

11. Metabolic wastes… 3. inorganic salts 4. nitrogenous wastes
sodium chloride
potassium sulfate
4. nitrogenous wastes
Nitrogen containing
Ammonia, urea, uric acid

12. Deamination of amino acids
Amino Acids are not stored
Amino group is removed (de-amino grouping)
Ammonia (NH3) is formed (Toxic)

13. Deamination of amino acids
Carboxyl Group
Side Group
Amino Group
Ammonia
Used in other Metabolic processes

14. LOW HIGH MED MED HIGH NON WASTE ATP TO PRODUCE TOXICITY AMMONIA (NH3)
NITROGENOUS
WASTE
ATP TO
PRODUCE
TOXICITY
AMMONIA (NH3)
UREA
URIC ACID
LOW
HIGH
MED
MED
HIGH
NON

15. Animals that make uric acid Conserve Water
NITROGENOUS
WASTE
SOLUBILITY
Water needed to remove
AMMONIA (NH3)
UREA
URIC ACID
Large
amts
HIGH
Animals that make uric acid Conserve Water
MED
amts
MED
Small
amts
LOW

16. Evolution of Nitrogenous Wastes:
Organisms that evolved in different environments excrete different nitrogenous wastes.

17. Evolution of Nitrogenous Wastes:
Humans excrete primarily UREA.

19. Good Morning!
Note Packet
Page 3 Please

20. The kidneys
function in
excretion and water
balance

21. Human Excretory System
Function:
1. control concentration of certain substances in the blood

22. Human Excretory System
Function:
2. remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood  produce urine

24. Organs of Excretory System
Kidneys:
Bean shaped
Sit against back muscles
filter

25. Organs of Excretory System
Ureters:
2 tubes that carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

26. Organs of Excretory System
Urinary Bladder:
Muscular sac
Temporary storage of urine

27. Organs of Excretory System
Urethra:
Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

28. Renal artery
Renal vein
Cortex
Medulla
Pelvis
Ureter

29. Vena Cava
Aorta
Adrenal
glands
Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

30. Nephron
Functional unit of kidney
How many per kidney?
~ 1 million

31. Loop of Henle Collecting duct Capillaries Convoluted Bowman’s capsule
tubule
Bowman’s capsule
Renal arteriole
Collecting
duct
glomerulus
Renal
venule
Capillaries
Loop of Henle

32. 1. Filtration
Occurs between the glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule

33. a. Remains in the blood
Proteins
Blood cells
Too big to move through the membrane.

34. b. Filters into Bowman’s capsule
(Removed from blood)
a.a., urea, H2O, glucose, salts, degraded toxins, hormones (forms filtrate)
(small molecules)

35. b. Filters into Bowman’s capsule
(Removed from blood)
Hormones are excreted in Urine (not recycled)
We continually make new Hormones

36. 2. Reabsorption
Occurs between the tubule (convoluted and Loop of Henle) and surrounding capillaries

37. Absorbed back into the blood
H2O, glucose, a.a., salts

38. Step 1
*glucose
*amino acids
*water
*salts
*hormones
*toxins
Blood

39. Step 2
Step 2
*glucose
*amino acids
*salts
*water

40. what would that indicate?
If a person has glucose
in their urine,
what would that indicate?

41. Nephron Animation

43. Can you live without your kidneys?

44. Treating kidney disease
Many Causes:
Heredity Injury
Pathogens Toxins
Poor Nutrition

45. Dialysis
Blood is pumped through tubes that function like the nephrons of the kidney and is then returned to the body

47. Transplant
Can live with 1 kidney
Risk of rejection (self vs. non-self)

49. Gout Caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood.
Due to poor nutrition.
Uric acid crystallizes, and the deposits in joints causing pain.

50. The Liver helps
maintain homeostasis

51. 1. Role in Carb storage
Glucose converted to Glycogen – stored in the liver

52. 2. Role in digestion
Bile Produced in Liver – stored in gallbladder used in small intestine (emulsifies fats)

53. 3. Nutrients are received via the Hepatic Portal Vein from the intestines
Nutrients go directly to the liver from small intestines then out into systemic circulation

54. 4. Role in clotting
Clotting proteins; Fribrinogen, prothrombin are produced in the liver

55. 5. Roles in excretion a. Detoxification Purifies the blood
Inactivates toxic substances
Released back into the blood, transported to kidneys to be filtered out into urine

56. 5. Roles in excretion b. Urea formation
Recall: excess a.a. are not stored, they are deaminated in the liver

57. 5. Roles in excretion b. Urea formation
a.a. + H2O  NH3  urea  transported to kidneys, filtered from blood into urine

58. Liver Diseases Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
Viral infection – many types (A, B & C most common)

60. Liver Diseases Cirrhosis
Scarring of the liver so it no longer functions effectively
Caused by alcohol abuse or Hepatitis B

63. Other Excretory Organs
A. The Lungs
Excretion of CO2 and H2O
Waste products of cellular respiration

65. B. The Skin Functions: Excrete urea, H2O, salt Temperature regulation
Produce oily secretions
Keep microorganisms & foreign material out

67. Good Morning! Note Packet Page 23 Please
Cut out flash cards
LE2

69. Please turn to
Page 9 in your
Note Packet

70. What is an Excretion? (review)
Release of chemicals from a cell (metabolic waste product)

71. Glands Secrete Many Substances

72. What is a secretion?
Release of chemicals from a cell (useful substance)

73. What are glands?
Organs that make and release secretions.

74. Two types of glands:
1. Exocrine
2. Endocrine

75. Exocrine Glands

76. Endocrine Glands

77. Look at the list of
Exocrine glands and
their secretions.
Fill in the missing
information:

78. Exocrine glands do
not secrete
_______________
hormones

79. Nervous system & Endocrine system
Regulation:
Two body systems are involved in regulation:
Nervous system & Endocrine system

80. Hormones function in growth, development, reproduction and homeostasis
Write at the bottom of p. 10
Hormones function in
growth, development,
reproduction and
homeostasis

81. Pineal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes

82. Hormones regulate metabolism
Some horomones….
Start a process
Stop a process
Accelerate a process
Slow down a process

83. Hormones are chemicals
Produced: by endocrine glands
Transported: in bloodstream

84. Target cells – specific cell (has receptors) that is able to respond to a particular hormone

85. Target cell:
Which body cell has the correct receptors for the hormone? A C B

88. 2 types of hormones: Steriod: Lipid-like
Can pass through cell membrane
one-messenger system
Ex: testosterone, estrogen

89. One-Messenger Model (Steroid Hormones)

90. 2 types of hormones: Protein: Amino acid chain
Cannot pass through cell membrane
two-messenger system
Ex: insulin, adrenaline

91. Two – Messenger Model (Protein Hormones)

92. Excreted in the urine.
Hormones are not recycled

93. Effected by negative feedback.
Hormones need to be maintained at ideal levels.

94. Regulation of Hormones:
Hypersecretion – too much hormone is secreted
Hyposecretion – too little hormone is secreted
Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones causes disease

95. Homeostasis depends on mechanisms of regulation – Feedback Mechanisms
Positive Feedback – Rare in living organisms because it increases without limit
Negative Feedback – Reacts when limits are reached to maintain homeostasis
*Turns on processes that are off
*Turns off processes that are on
*Increases materials that are low
*Decreases materials that are high

96. Positive Feedback

97. Positive Feedback - ie: Uterine Contraction During Labor

98. Negative Feedback Example
How is temperature controlled in your house?

99. Temperature Regulation

100. Ideal Level

101. Level too High Ideal Level
Negative Feedback will bring the level back down
Level too High
Ideal Level

102. Ideal Level

103. Ideal Level Level too Low
Negative Feedback will bring the level back up
Ideal Level
Level too Low

104. Ideal Level

105. Many things are regulated by negative feedback in our bodies – this involves the interaction of different organ systems

106. See Diagrams
(Handout)

107. Regulation of body temp:
Note Packet
Page 13
Please
1. Name the organ systems that interact to controls body temperature?
2. On your note packet summarize how the body responds

108. Regulation of Body Temperature
Body Temp Increases Above Normal: The thermoregulation center in the _________ is activated, which makes blood vessels ______ to remove heat and ________ is released from skin
brain
dilate
sweat

109. Regulation of Body Temperature
Body Temp Decreases Below Normal:
The thermoregulation center in the _______ is activated, which makes blood vessels ________ and skeletal muscles ________ to generate heat (shiver)
brain
constrict
contract

110. Regulation of Water Levels in the Blood:
1. Name the organ systems that interact to maintain water levels in the blood.
2. On your note packet summarize how the body responds

111. Water level (in bloodstream) below normal:
Low water, high solute
Message to hypothalamus
Pituitary gland releases more ADH
Kidneys reabsorb more water
Less Water in the Urine!

112. Water level (in bloodstream) above normal:
High water, low solute
Message to hypothalamus
Pituitary gland releases less ADH
Kidneys reabsorb less water
More Water in the Urine!

113. Water level below normal range
Regulation of Water
Water level below normal range
The ___________ detects higher concentration of solutes in the blood and creates feelings of ______. The posterior pituitary releases more __________ hormone. ADH stimulates the _______ to reabsorb more ______.
hypothalamus
thirst
antidiuretic
kidneys
water

114. Water level above normal range
Regulation of Water
Water level above normal range
The ___________ detects low concentration of solutes in the blood. The posterior pituitary releases less __________ hormone. ADH stimulates the _______ to reabsorb less ______.
hypothalamus
antidiuretic
kidneys
water

115. Blood Calcium Feedback Loop

117. Please turn to page 21 in your Note Packet Do Ques. 1-4

118. REGULATION &
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

119. ACT AS CHEMICAL MESSENGERS
HORMONES
ACT AS CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

121. INSULIN & GLUCAGON HORMONES SECRETED BY THE PANCREAS
REGULATE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK REGULATION

122. 1. HIGH CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE IN BLOOD
STIMULATES

123. 2. PANCREAS: Secretes INSULIN into the bloodstream
WHICH CAUSES

124. 3. BODY CELLS TAKE IN GLUCOSE
(Some stored as Glycogen in Liver)
WHICH RESULTS IN

125. 4. LOWERING THE CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD
WHICH STIMULATES

126. 5. The PANCREAS: Secretes GLUCAGON into the bloodstream
WHICH CAUSES

127. 6. BODY USES ENERGY RESERVES
(Glycogen from the Liver converted to Glucose)
RESULTS IN

128. 1. HIGH CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE IN BLOOD
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

131. Please Complete Page 21 & 22 & Review Flashcards