1. Iraq: From Creation to American Invasion

2. Out of Class Homework Article Analysis: Turn in Word document with:
Find one article that explains why we invaded Iraq.
Explain the main arguments.
Use evidence from the article to back up the reason.
Turn in Word document with:
Article Name/URL
Reason for invasion
Evidence to back up reason
Write down any key people, events, happenings
Due Monday (3/6)

3. Where are we at in our research?
Explore different events across the Middle East to better understand the politics, culture, and economics of the region.
What should students be able to do at the end of this unit? (What is your product?)
Take 5 minutes to explore the different topics/events we’ve discussed in this unit (to this point).
What are the threads/trends that continue to pop-up across this region/across time that you believe could answer the research question?

4. Iraq Focus Iraq Event- Pay close attention to:
Ethnic and religious groups (Identity)
Politics- Who has power? (People, Groups, Legitimacy)
How does the politics intercept or relate to identity after the invasion?
Forces- Economics, nationalism and imperialism, Political Islam v. Secularism, -Isms…

5. Iraq

6. Demographics- Who and Where?
Ottomans had broken Iraq into 3 main provinces (Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra), but Modern Iraq is now 18 provinces.
75%-80% Arab and 15%-20% Kurd
70% of the population is centered around three main urban areas: Baghdad, Mosul and Basra.
97% of the population is Muslim (60%-65% Shi’ite)
Kurds desire nationalist state (Kurdistan)

7. Ethnic Groups

8. Amir Faysal Continued Sunni rule (post Sunni-Ottoman rule)
British Mandate
Monarchy
1932- Gain Independence
British still keeps a lot of influence.
Faysal creates Iraqi Nationalist movement
1933- Faysal dies

9. Instability Faysal’s death = Power Vacuum
1936- Socialist Coup (kill royal family)
1939- Monarchy retakes power (four year old grandson takes thrown)
Conservative/pro-western
1955- Baghdad Pact (Central Treaty Organization)- Modeled after NATO, a military alliance of northern middle east countries to act as a barrier to the Soviet Union (U.S. influence).
1958- Military Coup (General Qasim) = Anti-Western/Iraqi Nationalist
Allied with Soviets
Land Reform, Political Parties emerge
Tried to take Kuwait/Kurdish Rebellion
1968- Military Coup (General Al-Bakr) = Baath Party/Arab Nationalist
Security Forces controlled by Saddam Hussein (Husayn)
1979- Saddam takeover

10. Bagdad Pact (CENTO)

11. Reading: Iraq in the Era of Saddam Husayn and the Ba’th (Baath) Party
What did this era represent?

12. Reading: Iraq in the Era of Saddam Husayn and the Ba’th (Baath) Party
What did this era represent?
Stability
Nationalization of Oil
Modernization (reforms)
Militarization
Authoritarianism (IS THIS NEW? WHAT ISSUE DOES THIS BRING UP FOR POSSIBLE PAPER TOPICS?)
Secularism
Women’s Rights (?)

13. Iraqi Baath Party Means “renaissance”
Arab Nationalism/Pan-Arab/Arab Socialists/Anti-Imperialist/Anti-Islamist
Often socialist in principles and anti-western
1st political movement: Sharif Husayn
Founded in Syria (Iraqi Baathists (‘51) and Syrian Baathists) (1947)
Syria is Shi’ite controlled and supports Iran
Iraq is Sunni controlled and hates Iran
UAR- United Arab Republic
When Syrian Communists looked to overthrow the government, Egypt (Nasser) created a coalition, Arab government with Syria.
Begged the question, who ruled? Syria or Egypt?
Iraqi and Syrian Baathist parties focused their energies on nationalizing at home.

14. Iraqi Baath Party
Tried to move away from Pan-Arabism and create Iraqi Nationalism
Tied to Mesopotamian History and Culture
Women’s Rights
Education
Nationalized Oil (where have we seen this?)
Authoritarian = Removed all other parties
Gestapo-like, Totalitarian state
The party and the state became synonymous
Baath party rules as an oligarchy until Saddam runs it like a dictatorship.
Baath leadership was Sunni-Arab

15. Ba’th Rise to Power
1968 coup: Leader Ahmad al- Bakr (former military officer and prime minister)
Purged officer corps
Removed opposition parties (how?)
Most high ranking officials were from Takrit (“Boys Club”)
Established a one-party state
Saddam
As deputy secretary general of illegal party, he operated underground (consequences?).
Military and intelligence services (head)
1979- Uses position to place himself in power and al-Bakr resigns
New purges but this time placing himself (not the party) in power

16. Saddam Hussein

17. Opposition Kurds- Desired autonomy
Kurdish population ruled by pan-Arab/Nationalist party
Kurdistan Democratic Party (PDK or KDP) and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
Peshmerga: Kurdish fighters (militias) run primarily by the two main parties
Shi’ites- Majority ruled by the minority
Two groups:
Tried to integrate into the national system (Baghdad Shias)
Baghdad is traditionally populated by a Sunni majority
Opposition and militant group (Basra Shias)
Religious and opposed secular agenda (al-Dawa)
Called for Islamic Republic (ties to Iran)- Note: what year did Saddam take power?

18. Reforms: what is the ideology of the Ba’th?
Nationalized Oil (significance)
1980: Oil revenue was 26 Billion Dollars
Land socialization
What is this?
Subsidized:
Healthcare
Education (campaign against illiteracy)
Food (subsidize the costs)
Greater Equity for Women
All of these reforms created an “acceptance” of the Ba’ath party.

19. Foreign Policy
Allied with Soviet Union (1972- Iraqi-Soviet Friendship Treaty) = Consequences?
This relationship was primarily one of support and rhetoric.
For trade, opened to the West: petrol-chemicals and oil sales, and bought advanced weaponry.
This relationship was more pragmatic and driven by advanced weaponry and technology.

20. Iran/Iraq War Iran Represented: Economic Opportunity
Ideological Instability
Secular v. Islamist
Sunni v. Shi’ite
Political Instability
Khomeini called for Shia uprising in Iraq.
Had the support of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and UAE…and the U.S..
Kurdish Rebellion
Shi’ite Rebellion

21. Mustard Gas

22. Shatt al Arab

23. U.S. Involvement

24. Post War Status Basra oil fields and ports are destroyed.
Uprisings and empowered:
Shia South
Kurdish North
In debt for $80 Billion to Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
More militarized society and bigger army
Solution?

25. Kuwait- Iraqi Invasion

26. What’s the fear?

27. Desert Storm

28. No-Fly Zones

29. Post-Desert Storm UNSCOM (UN Special Commission
Monitoring and removing Saddam’s Military Industrial Complex (Chemical, biological weapon, nuclear, and ballistic weapons facilities)
Occasional attacks by U.S. to force Saddam’s hand
Saddam often disobeyed UNSCOM. Why?
INC (Iraq National Congress)
Anti-Saddam government from abroad
Kurdish parties KDP and PUK
Food-for-Oil Program
1998- Iraq Liberation Act- U.S. would take active measures to bring about regime change in Iraq.

30. 9/11

31. U.S. Invasion- Begins 3/19/2003