1. Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 5

2. Symbolism, Motivation and Emotion
Symbolism: higher brain functions
Eg. Eating
Everyone needs to do it, so it is a basic human need
We are supposed to eat a certain way (good manners)

3. Symbolism, Motivation and Emotion
Drives us to a specific goal
Eat, drink, make friends, be happy, etc…

4. Symbolism, Motivation and Emotion
State of the body that causes us to “feel” one way or another
Happy, sad, angry, etc…
Both emotion and motivation involve psychological and physiological factors

5. Hypothalamus Primary center for emotions
People want pleasure and want to avoid pain
Center for these two needs
Fear, rage, hunger, thirst, sex drive are also located here

6. Amygdala Can also create fear and aggression
Does not need higher brain functions to work  you can actually become afraid if this is set off and there is nothing around you
How people can tell that someone is afraid

7. Reticular Activating System
Controls the amount of activity in the brain
Emotion and motivation all need some type of activity from the brain

8. Pituitary and Adrenal Glands
These glands secret hormones that activate certain parts of our bodies
Eg. When scared and motivated to leave an area, the adrenal glands assist our muscles by burning more energy, thus we move faster

9. Gonads
These glands allow hormones to be secreted that assist in the production of eggs or sperm
Sexual interest (desire) is controlled by androgens
Sexuality is more of a mental, symbolic gesture
The physical part of sex is usually a secondary role
Sex is a motivation for procreation, but is not necessary to survive like eating and sleeping…

10. Motivational Forces Our bodies are driven to achieve certain goals
These goals are sometimes not known or controlled by us
Think our bodies as a start/stop cycle
Feel hungryeatstop eatingdigestrepeat

11. Hunger When we are hungry, our brain tells us
However, when we are angry or depressed, the level of acid and saliva may change
This can greatly effect how much we eat/don’t eat
Depression
Obesity

12. Thirst
The hypothalamus tells us when our tongue is dry, what temperature of liquid we want should be, and what the right amount of liquid is
We can drink the right amount of water after exercise, even before our brain tells us how much we need/want

13. Non-Survival Needs We often find that we need some type of change
We also have a tendency to make more out of something than there needs to be

14. Non-Survival Needs Curiosity Motive (mostly animals)
We slow down to watch accidents
We always seem intrigued by things we do not understand

15. Non-Survival Needs Manipulative Motive (Primates)
Primates love to handle things
Humans do the same thing
 video games, twiddling fingers

16. Non-Survival Needs Intrinsic Motivation Coming from the person
Internal
Do something for its own reward

17. Non-Survival Needs Extrinsic Motivation
We are rewarded for the things we do
You take a test to get an A, not for the learning of the material

18. Non-Survival Needs Need for stimulation Contact comfort
In an experiment, two monkeys were given two mothers
1 mother was a set of wires with a feeding tube
1 mother was a piece of terry cloth wrapped around wire
When scared, the monkey would go to the terry cloth for ‘help’

19. Non-Survival Needs Need for stimulation
Studies have found that children that are not cared for properly are sicker and more unhealthy
The cerebellum is involved in emotional growth
Since this is involved in sensations and bodily movement, there is a connection with how much comfort is given to a baby & how well the cerebellum develops.

20. Emotions Emotions are hard to define People do have primal emotions
Difference between anger and frustration
People do have primal emotions
Smile is universal
Facial expressions

21. Opponent-Process Theory
Once you experience a strong emotion, you will feel the opposite for a while afterwards
Very happy depressed

22. Opponent-Process Theory
Cognition/Emotion
Cognition involves the higher brain function
Anticipation is a big part of sensation, especially when we are waiting for something
Roller coaster
Society has developed emotional cues for different reactions
Our mind remembers and these reactions become more like instinct

23. Opponent-Process Theory
Emotional Intelligence
Made of many levels
This essentially means how well we handle emotional situations both personally & socially

24. Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory: Emotion is not created until AFTER the body reacts
Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotion is created WHILE the body reacts
Schachter’s Cognitive Theory: Emotion is created after our brain labels what we have seen/processed
This supports the ides that symbolism is tied into emotion