1. MCOM 101 A
Summer 2016

2. Newspaper Terminology
Major Section of Newspaper
Advertising Section: Contains Classified ads/ Other paid announcements
Editorial Section/Op-Ed: Contains Editorial, Letters to the Editor, Editorial Cartoon, Columns and articles
News Section: News information about latest developments, national and international news..
Beat: A group of news sources assigned to a reporter for regular coverage for example Health, Court, Crime, Politics, Culture..
Byline: Name of the writer mentioned in a news story

3. Example Byline

4. Caption: Description of the image/text accompanied the picture in a newspaper

5. Circulation: Number of publication of newspaper or magazine
News Correspondent: Representative of a newspaper at zone or district level
Editor: Editor is the head of newspaper’s editorial section
Editorial: Appears on editorial page, opinion of the editor about different issues
Editorial Note & Sub Editorial: Appears under lead editorial, opinion of the editor regarding other important issue.
Masthead: Title of the Newspaper appears at the top of the page

6. Example Masthead

7. Jump line: If a new story is to be continued on another page, Jump line gives the information about the location of the news story on the other page for example, continued on page 11

8. Lead Story: Main news story on the front page, It can consist of six to eight columns
Layout: An outline of the arrangement of news information and pictures on the pages of newspapers.
Resident Editor: The person in-charge of regional publication of a newspaper or a magazine.
Source: Source of obtaining news information for example correspondent, representative, staff reporter or a news agency.
Sub-Editor: Responsible for editing the news items, checks for language, length and overall structure.
Syndicate: The agency, which provides news, features, articles.
News Agency: Agency that provides news information

9. News Sources Newspaper Internal Sources: News Correspondents
News Reporters
News Representatives
News Bureaus
Beat: Group of sources concerning certain category for example Health, Crime, Education, Human Rights etc

10. Newspaper External Sources:
National News Agencies
APP: Associated Press of Pakistan
PPI: Pakistan Press International
International News Agencies
AFP: Agence France-Presse
Reuters: British News Agency
UPI: United Press International, USA
AP: Associated Press, USA
PTI: Press Trust India
AAP: Australian Associated Press

11. Closeness to home (Proximity)
News Values
Consequence Driven
Bad news - involving death, tragedy, bankruptcy, violence, damage, natural disasters, political upheaval or simply extreme weather conditions - is always rated above 'positive' stories (royal weddings, celebrations etc)
Closeness to home (Proximity)
Audiences supposedly relate more to stories that are close to them geographically, or involve people from their country
Recency
Newspapers are very competitive about breaking news - about revealing stories as they happen.
Currency
This is almost opposite to recency, in that stories that have been in the public eye for some time already are deemed valuable.

12. News Values
Uniqueness
'Dog Bites Man' is not a story. 'Man Bites Dog' is. Any story which covers a unique or unusual event.
Personality
Stories that center around a particular person, because they can be presented from a 'human interest' angle, are beloved of newspapers, particularly if they involve a well-known person.
Exclusivity
Also a major factor when setting the news agenda. If a newspaper or news programme is the first and only news organisation breaking a story, then they will rate that very highly. The UK Sunday papers are very fond of exclusives, and will often break a story of national or international importance that no one else has.

13. News Writing & Editing
MCOM 101 A
Winter 2016

14. Introduction to News Writing
Components of a print story:
1. Headline (s)
2. Byline or Source
3. Location
4. Introduction
5. Body Copy
6. Conclusion
7. Supporting Image (s) and Caption

15. Writing News Introduction
5 Ws & 1 H
What
When
Why
Who
Where
How

16. Body Copy & Conclusion
Body Copy: Additional Details, Statements & Counter Statements, Supporting Facts/Arguments
Conclusion:

17. Language Rules of Headlines
1. Use of Present Tense
Examples:
-Army stresses `zero tolerance` for terrorist groups
-Fears of more strife as Iraq in middle of regional row
-US foresees Assad staying till March `17

18. 2. Leave out auxiliary verbs
Cut down on Helping Verbs
-New policy decided by Parliament (Correct Format)
 (New policy has been decided by Parliament)
-Lion escapes zoo – ten killed (Correct Format)
(ten people have been killed / were killed)
-Four stranded in sudden flood (Correct Format)
(four people have been stranded / were stranded)

19. 3. Use infinitives for future events
-Parliament to decide new policy tomorrow (correct)
(Parliament will decide new policy tomorrow)
-President to visit France for further talks
(President will visit France for further talks)

20. 4. Leave out articles (a, an, the)
Prime Minister hikes Alps for charity (correct)
(The Prime Minister hiked the Alps)
Man releases rabid dog in park (correct)
(A man released a rabid dog in a park)

21. 5.Reported Speech -Minister: Law Maker should review policy (Correct)
(Federal Minister argued that law makers should review the policy)

22. 6. Replace conjunctions with punctuation
-Commas, colons, semi-colons, hyphens and so on can replace all conjunctions, or some joining verbs, to join clauses. 
-Police arrest serial killer – close case on abductions
Police arrested serial killer and close the case on abductions
-Fire in bakery: hundreds dead
Fire in bakery and hundreds are dead

23. 7. Use digits for Figures
Nine Dead
9 Dead (correct)

24. Editing (Copy Editing/Sub Editing)
- A Sub Editor proofreads and edits the content
-Improves the overall language and structure of news story
-Looks for language, grammar and punctuation errors
-Suggest and finalizes the headlines.

25. Introduction to radio
1890-Marconi’s Transmission through wireless telegraphy
1903-Radio’s first ever news broadcast
1906-Lee De Forest-Vacuum Tubes
1910-First Ever Public Broadcast
World War I-by executive order private radio stations are either shut down or taken over by the government
1922-Growth of Radio Broadcasting
Three big companies Westinghouse, General Electric and AT & T (American Telephone & Telegraph) got together to form RCA (Radio Cooperation America)

26. Three Major networks emerged-CBS, ABC and NBC
1934: Edwin Amstrong invented FM
: Radio broadcast journalism establishes itself as a significant national media force as it covers the daily events of World War II.
1960: Sony introduced first transistorized radio

27. Difference between Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation
Different sources have different spectrum
AM ranges 535 to 1705 kHz
FM ranges mHz
AM is subject to static interference, low music fidelity
FM is not subject to static interference, high music fidelity

28. Brief Introduction to Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
1947 Pakistan Broadcasting Service initiated as Radio Pakistan
Radio stations being set up in Rawalpindi, Quetta, Karachi
Radio Pakistan Turned into a Corporate body in 1972 and renamed as Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
Inauguration Headquarter in 1972
1997 computerized news process sing system
Presently Radio Pakistan is broadcasting programs in 23 languages.

29. Growth of FM in Pakistan
FM Gold-1994: PBC used its own studios and staff for FM Gold. In Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad from 7:00 AM till 1:00 PM. as experimental transmissions.
FM 100 was the first private FM channel
On this basis of its popularity FM 100 competed with alien culture successfully and promoted a qualitative national music in masses. In its popularity, some other characteristics were also involved like easy tuning system, listeners oriented programs, access to all classes of society, listeners participation during programs, 24 hours transmissions, multi types of musical programs, modern and innovative styles of anchor persons etc. According to majority listener's opinion, FM 100 is a trendsetter radio channel in FM revolution in Pakistan.

30. 5.Contemporary Trends of FM growth
Major types of FM Licenses
Commercial: Issued to private investors, Commercial Radio Stations are owned by private investors. Generate revenue through advertising (for example FM 103)
Public: Issued to Universities, primarily for education and training purposes (for example 104.6)
Specialized Radio Channels for City Traffic Police, Chamber of Commerce
Internet/Online Radio Channels in Pakistan
FUNDA FM
MAGIC FM-International-High definition Radio
Radio Azad
Aaj FM 24/7
FM Projects of Media Companies e.g. Dawn, TV 1, Sama
FM 1 Radio 91-TV 1
FM city 89-Dawn
FM SAMMA FM

31. How to analyze radio program
Program Profile
Channel
Program Title
Concept/Idea
Purpose
Key talking points of discussion
Language
Broadcaster’s Profile

32. Technical Aspect Dialogue Music Sound effects
Diegetic and Non-diegetic sound
Diegetic (Dialogue, sound from a program source)
Non Diegetic (Background Sound and Voice Over)
Voice and Sound Editing

33. Listener’s account How Listeners are engaged in discussion
How well the anchor is responding to the listeners
How encouraging or discouraging the anchor is?
Listener profile
Listeners share what they learn from the radio
How impactful radio is in Listener’s life
Diversity of point of view

34. Overall Analysis How contributing the program is?
Validity of the idea and discussion
Critical analysis of discussion and key talking points
Strengths and weakness
Ethical guidelines
How ideas about different organizations and people are quoted.

35. 7- Essentials for Writing Radio News
Using Clear/Simple Language/ Consideration for the listeners
Use short sentences
avoid subordinate clauses
Simple facts and figures instead of saying “ ” it’s better to say nearly “2 million”
Spell out numerical facts for readers’ convenience
Avoid unfamiliar abbreviations and acronyms
Repeat important titles and ideas
Keep a difference between academic and journalistic language
Be careful with the selection of the words
acknowledge the source

36. Writing for radio cont…..
Choosing Logical Structure
Treat one idea at one time
arrange all newsworthy elements in a logical sequence
News items should not have structural discrepancies

37. 8- Formats and Genres of Radio Programs
Morning/Breakfast Shows: The Breakfast Show with Khalid (FM 89)
Coffee Shows: Coffee Republic with Ayesha Raja (FM 89)
Back to Back Music Shows: Boltiband (FM 91), Back to Back (FM 89)
Lunch Time Shows: Munch on Lunch (FM 91), Lunch
Theme Based shows: Electro Therapy, All that Jazz
Night Shows: Angootha Chalao, It’s my show Sahir Lodhi), Voodoo Nights
Drive Time Shows: Drive on with Sophie
Weekend Shows: Weekend Connection, Samaa Weekend Mix, Samaa Weekend Party