1. Modal + have+ past participle
Modal perfect
Modal + have+ past participle

2. May/might/could + have + past participle
When we are not sure what happened in the past
I can’t find my mobile. I might have left it at school.

3. Could have + past participle
When we had the ability to do something in the past but did not do it.
I could have borrowed a bicycle, but I decided to walk instead.

4. Can’t have + past participle
When we are sure that something did not happen.
They can’t have closed the museum yet. It’s too early.

5. Must have + past participle
When we are quite sure about a past action.
My maths homework isn’t in my bag. I must have left it at home.

6. Should / ought to have + past participle
When expectations were not fulfilled
He should have / ought to have told us he wasn’t coming.
When a piece of advice was not taken.
You should have / ought to have been more careful.