1. Medical Ethics
Dr. Raid Jastania

2. True and False Right and Wrong

3. Aim and Benefit of Ethics Understand the Boundaries Be Good Enough

4. How did we reach where we are? (Attitude)
Belief
Values
Principles
Concepts
Assumptions
Directions
Behavior
Pressure: cultural, society, political, educational….

5. So What should We Do?

6. A Suggestion for a Start! Medical Ethics

7. Medical Ethics
Field of applied ethics, the study of moral, values and judgments as they apply to medicine.

8. Medical Ethics: History
Ishaq Rahawi wrote (Conduct of Physician) the first book written in medical ethics
Alrazi
Jewish thinkers: Thomas Aquinas
18th, 19th century: self-conscious discourse
Thomas Percival
1847: The American Medical Association adopted the first Code of Ethics.

9. Medical Ethics: History
20th century: Liberal Prostant, Joseph Fletcher..
1960, 1970: Liberal theory, Procedural justice.
Bioethics
Influence: Review Boards, Evaluate experiments, Ethics Committees….

10. Exercise 5: Hippocratic Oath

11. The Declaration of Geneva 1948, amended in 1968, 1983, 1994 and editorially revised in 2005 and 2006:
At the time of being admitted as a member of the medical profession:
I solemnly pledge to consecrate my life to the service of humanity;
I will give to my teachers the respect and gratitude that is their due;
I will practice my profession with conscience and dignity;
The health of my patient will be my first consideration;
I will respect the secrets that are confided in me, even after the patient has died;
I will maintain by all the means in my power, the honour and the noble traditions of the medical profession;
My colleagues will be my sisters and brothers;
I will not permit considerations of age, disease or disability, creed, ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political affiliation, race, sexual orientation, social standing or any other factor to intervene between my duty and my patient;
I will maintain the utmost respect for human life;
I will not use my medical knowledge to violate human rights and civil liberties, even under threat;
I make these promises solemnly, freely and upon my honour

12. Values in Medical Ethics
Autonomy: the patient has the right to refuse or choose their treatment.
Beneficence: a practitioner should act in the best interest of the patient.
Non-maleficence: First, Do no harm.
Justice: who gets what treatment (fairness and equality).
Dignity: the patient has the right to dignity.
Truthfulness and honesty: eg. Informed consent.
Confidentiality

13. Values in Medical Ethics
الحرية
عمل الأفضل
منع الضرر
العدل
الكرامة
الصدق
السرية

14. Responsibilities in Ethics
Responsibility toward:
Patients
Colleagues
Society

15. That’s Easy!

16. Values give a useful framework for understanding conflicts.
When values are in conflict, the result may be ethical dilemma.

17. Let’s Think

18. Autonomy vs Paternalism

19. Is treating always beneficial? Autonomy vs Beneficence

20. Understand risk and benefits.
Non-Maleficence
Do no harm.
Understand risk and benefits.
Double effect
Informed consent

21. Can we break confidentiality?

22. Conflict of Interest
Referring patients to tests and receiving benefits
Drug companies
Treating Family members
Sexual relation with patients and relative of patients

23. The Take Home Message

24. Take Home Message Think, think, and think….! Watch our Behavior….!
Evaluate, Assess….! Why do we do this!!
Consider Right and Wrong concept….!
Consider change and Improvement….!
In short: “Be Good Enough”!