1. Lecture 3 Values & principles of professional ethics By Dr. Hala Yehia

2. Objective  Define value  Identify attitude  List component of attitude  Define beliefs  Types of value  Nursing value & responsibilities  Value clarification  Identify principles of ethics

3. Ethics  Ethics deals with the “rightness” or “wrongness” of human behavior

4. Concepts of Ethics  Values  Belief systems  Morality

5. Value Value is a attitude or belief about the importance of a goal, action, object. Or Enduring attitudes or beliefs about the worth of a person, object, idea, or action

6.  A. attitudes  a feeling or an emotion, generally including a positive or negative judgment, toward a person, object, idea, or action  (e.g., acceptance, compassion) 

7.  B. beliefs  Beliefs (or opinions) are interpretations or conclusions that people accept as true.  They are based more on faith than fact and  may or may not be true.  Life and death  Good and evil  Health and illness

8. Value Formation  Values are learned  Values change with maturity and experience

9. Types of values  a. religious (obtains strength from religious beliefs)  b. theoretical (holds truth, rationality, and respectable)  c. political (values power)  d. economic (values usefulness and practicality)  e. aesthetic (values beauty, harmony, and form)  f. social (values human interactions, is kind, sympathetic, and unselfish)

10. Values Transmission  Values are learned through observation and experience. As a result, they are heavily influenced by a person's sociocultural environment that is, by societal traditions; by cultural, and religious groups; and by family and peer groups.  For example, if a parent consistently demonstrates honesty in dealing with others, the child will probably begin to value honesty.

11. Nursing values:  Safe & competent  Health & well –being  Choice  Dignity  Confidentiality  Justice  Accountability

12. Values clarification  It is a process by which people identify, examine, and develop their own individual values. Values clarification promotes personal growth by fostering awareness, empathy, and insight. Therefore, it is an important step for nurses to take in dealing with ethical problems.

13. Values Clarification  Choosing Choosing (cognitive) Beliefs are chosen Freely, without outside pressure · From among alternatives

14. Values Clarification  Prizing  Prizing (affective) Chosen beliefs are prized  Acting  Acting (behavioral) Chosen beliefs are Repeated consistently in one's life

15. Ethical Principles  Autonomy  Beneficence  Nonmaleficence  Justice  Fidelity  Confidentiality  Veracity  Accountability

16. Autonomy  Autonomy  Greek word AUTOS meaning self and nomos  meaning governance - Self determination  Freedom to choose and implement one’s decision  Informed consent  Allowing the patient to refuse treatment if he decides so

17. Beneficence  This principle means “doing good” for others.  "Do good and avoid harm.

18. Nonmaleficence  Non means “not” and mal means “bad”. Non-maleficence means “not to do or inflict harm”.  To do no harm  o Not assisting in or performing abortion

19. Justice  Referred to as fairness  Every individual must be treated equally  This requires nurses to be nonjudgmental

20. Fidelity  means to be faithful to agreements and promises  Loyalty  The promise to fulfill all commitments

21. Confidentiality  Anything stated to nurses or health-care providers by clients must remain confidential  The only times this principle may be violated are:  If clients may indicate harm to themselves or others  If the client gives permission for the information to be shared

22. Veracity  Refers to telling the truth.  This principle implies “truthfulness”  Nurses need to be truthful to their clients  Veracity is an important component of building trusting relationships

23. Accountability  Individuals need to be responsible for their own actions  Nurses are accountable to themselves and to their colleagues

24. Thank You