1. Reminder: Course Policy
Please be very careful not to cause distractions in the classroom and be respectful of others around you, especially considering the very large size of the class.
Phone calls, messaging, discussion on a game you played recently, etc. Before OR After class

2. The Class chain

3. Reminder: Chain
firstNode
NULL a b c d e
A chain is a linked list in which each node represents one element.
There is a link or pointer from one element to the next.
The last node has a NULL pointer.

4. next (datatype chainNode<T>*)
The Class chain a b c d e
NULL
firstNode
listSize = number of elements
Use chainNode
next (datatype chainNode<T>*)
element (datatype T)

5. The Class chain template<class T>
class chain : public linearList<T> {
public:
// constructors and destructor defined here
// ADT methods
bool empty() const {return listSize == 0;}
int size() const {return listSize;}
// other ADT methods defined here
protected:
void checkIndex(int theIndex) const;
chainNode<T>* firstNode;
int listSize; };

6. Constructor template<class T>
chain<T>::chain(int initialCapacity = 10)
{// Constructor.
if (initialCapacity < 1)
{ostringstream s;
s << "Initial capacity = "
<< initialCapacity << " Must be > 0";
throw illegalParameterValue(s.str()); }
firstNode = NULL;
listSize = 0;

7. The Destructor template<class T> chain<T>::~chain()
{// Chain destructor. Delete all nodes
// in chain.
while (firstNode != NULL)
{// delete firstNode
chainNode<T>* nextNode = firstNode->next;
delete firstNode;
firstNode = nextNode; }

8. The Method get firstNode a b c d e template<class T>
NULL a b c d e
template<class T>
T& chain<T>::get(int theIndex) const
{// Return element whose index is theIndex.
checkIndex(theIndex);
// move to desired node
chainNode<T>* currentNode = firstNode;
for (int i = 0; i < theIndex; i++)
currentNode = currentNode->next;
return currentNode->element; }

9. The Method indexOf template<class T>
int chain<T>::indexOf(const T& theElement) const {
// search the chain for theElement
chainNode<T>* currentNode = firstNode;
int index = 0; // index of currentNode
while (currentNode != NULL &&
currentNode->element != theElement)
// move to next node
currentNode = currentNode->next;
index++; }

10. The Method indexOf // make sure we found matching element
// make sure we found matching element
if (currentNode == NULL)
return -1;
else
return index; }

11. Erase An Element erase(0) deleteNode = firstNode;b c d e
NULL
firstNode
erase(0)
First do a checkIndex.
deleteNode = firstNode;
firstNode = firstNode->next;
delete deleteNode;

12. Remove An Element template<class T>
void chain<T>::erase(int theIndex) {
checkIndex(theIndex);
chainNode<T>* deleteNode;
if (theIndex == 0)
{// remove first node from chain
deleteNode = firstNode;
firstNode = firstNode->next; }

13. Find & change pointer in beforeNode
erase(2)
firstNode
null a b c d e
beforeNode
Find & change pointer in beforeNode
beforeNode->next = beforeNode->next->next;
delete deleteNode;

14. Remove An Element else { // use p to get to beforeNode
chainNode<T>* p = firstNode;
for (int i = 0; i < theIndex - 1; i++)
p = p->next;
deleteNode = p->next;
p->next = p->next->next; }
listSize--;
delete deleteNode;

15. firstNode = new chainNode<char>(‘f’, firstNode);
One-Step insert(0,’f’) a b c d e
NULL
firstNode f
newNode
firstNode = new chainNode<char>(‘f’, firstNode);

16. Insert An Element template<class T>
void chain<T>::insert(int theIndex,
const T& theElement) {
if (theIndex < 0 || theIndex > listSize)
{// Throw illegalIndex exception }
if (theIndex == 0)
// insert at front
firstNode = new chainNode<T>
(theElement, firstNode);

17. Two-Step insert(3,’f’) beforeNode = firstNode->next->next;a b c d e
NULL
firstNode f
newNode
beforeNode
beforeNode = firstNode->next->next;
beforeNode->next = new chainNode<char>
(‘f’, beforeNode->next);

18. Inserting An Element else { // find predecessor of new element
chainNode<T>* p = firstNode;
for (int i = 0; i < theIndex - 1; i++)
p = p->next;
// insert after p
p->next = new chainNode<T>
(theElement, p->next); }
listSize++;

19. 50,000 operations of each type
Performance
50,000 operations of each type
Start with an empty list and insert elements. Get each element once.

20. Performance 50,000 operations of each type
Operation FastArrayLinearList Chain
get ms sec
best-case inserts ms ms
average inserts sec sec
worst-case inserts sec sec
best-case removes ms ms
average removes sec sec
worst-case removes sec sec
1.7GHz Pentium 4 with 512MB. Worst-case times less than average because of cache effects (see explanation in text).
Average inserts  inserts at random positions

21. Performance – Updated Estimates
50,000 operations of each type
Operation ArrayList LinkedList
get ms sec
best-case inserts ms ms
worst-case inserts ms sec
i7 with 16GB of RAM

22. Indexed AVL Tree (IAVL)
Performance
Indexed AVL Tree (IAVL)
We will study this linked structure when we get to Chapter 16. This structure does not have an effective array representation.

23. Chain With Header Node a b c d e headerNode NULL
Now insert/erase at left end (I.e., index = 0) are no different from any other insert/erase. So insert/erase code is simplified.

24. Empty Chain With Header Node
NULL

25. Circular List a b c d e firstNode
Useful, for example, when each node represents a supplier and you want each supplier to be called on in round-robin order. Other applications seen later. A variant of this has a header node—circular list with header node. When you don’t have a header node, it is often useful to have a last node pointer rather than a first node pointer. By doing this, additions to the front and end become O(1).

26. Doubly Linked List a b c d e firstNode lastNode NULL
Can be used to reduce worst-case run time of a linear list add/remove/get by half. Start at left end if index <= listSize/2; otherwise, start at right end.

27. Doubly Linked Circular List
firstNode

28. Doubly Linked Circular List With Header Node

29. Empty Doubly Linked Circular List With Header Node

30. The STL Class list Linked implementation of a linear list.
Doubly linked circular list with header node.
Has many more methods than chain.
Similar names and signatures.

31. To-do Practice (Easy Challenges): Read more on list:
Read more on list: