1. Women’s Roles, Past and Preset
Roots of Civilization Mr. Joshi

2. Women in the Ancient World
Why did men dominate women beginning in farmer societies?
High Female Fertility  No time for jobs outside the home. Polygamy was common to increase fertility.
All jobs held by Men
Men became the main income earners given them the right to make decisions in the family
Women were thought to need the protection of either brothers, fathers, or husbands.

3. Women in Roman Times
IV. 5. Usucapio of movable things requires one year's possession for its completion; but usucapio of an estate and buildings two years.
IV. 6. Any woman who does not wish to be subjected in this manner to the hand of her husband should be absent three nights in succession every year, and so interrupt the usucapio of each year.
IV. 5. A child born after ten months since the father's death will not be admitted into a legal inheritance.
X. 4 "Women must not tear cheeks or hold chorus of `Alas!' on account of a funeral.“
V. 1 "Our ancestors saw fit that "females, by reason of levity of disposition, shall remain in guardianship, even when they have attained their majority.“
VI. 2 Marriage by `usage' (usus): If a man and woman live together continuously for a year, they are considered to be married; the woman legally is treated as the man's daughter

4. 1950s Conception of Women
Good Girls vs. Bad Girls – from 1950s film for high school students (10 min)

5. Gender Roles Today Occupational Segregation Statistics

6. Power Shift in the U.S.

7. Differences in Wages EARNINGS BY DEGREE AND SEX Degree
Median weekly earnings, women
Median weekly earnings, men
Doctoral (10 years after h.s.)
$1,371
$1,734
Professional (6 years after h.s.)
$1,415
$1,836
Master’s (6 years after h.s.)
$1,125
$1,515
Bachelor’s (4 years after h.s.)
$930
$1,199
Associate’s (2 years after h.s.)
$682
$880
High school graduate Only
$554
$720
Source:

8. Occupational Segregation (% of women in the field)
Dental Hygienist 98
Secretary 97
Registered Nurses 91
Housekeepers 89
Legal Assistants 82
Social Workers 81
Elementary School Teachers 80

9. Occupational Segregation (% of women in the field)
Physical Therapists 72
Managers in the Health Professions 70
Welfare Service Aides 67
Managers in Education 64
Accountants
Human Resources Managers 61
Middle/High School Teachers 60
Real Estate Agents 53
Bus Drivers

10. Occupational Segregation (% of women in the field)
Editors and Reporters 48
Postal Carriers 39
Lawyers and Judges 36
Physicians
Managers (overall) 34
Computer Systems Analysts 29
Dentists
Architects
Computer Software Developers 24
Chief Executives 23

11. Occupational Segregation (% of women in the field)
Police Officers
Aerospace Engineers 12
Electrical Engineers 10
Telecom Line Installers/Repairers 8
Mechanical Engineers 8
Welders and Metal Cutters 6
Airplane Pilots 5
Electricians 2
Automobile Mechanics 1
Source:

12. Occupational Sex Segregation
Source:

15. Single Parenthood by Gender
84% of Single Parents in the U.S. were women.
16% of Single Parents in the U.S were men.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Single Parenthood and Poverty
Thirty-seven percent of families led by single mothers nationwide live in poverty.
Comparatively, only 6.8 percent of families with married parents live in poverty.
Source: Heritage Foundation.

17. Male and Female Incarceration, 2010
Total
Male
Female
United States
500
943 67
Note: Imprisonment rate is the number of prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and unpublished U.S. Census Bureau Jan. 1 population estimates.

18. Freeing Women from Housework

19. Gender Roles in the Future

20. CBS News Clip: The Future of Gender Roles
7 minutes

21. HW
Go to TED.com to view a talk by Colin Stokes about what we teach our children about what it means to be a man or a woman (13 min):
Write a paragraph response to his talk. What did you think about what he was saying? Do you agree/disagree? Did it match your experience growing up? Does it make you think about what you’re telling your younger siblings about gender roles?