1. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. Bone Injuries and Diseases
Osteoporosis
The spongy tissue in bones breaks down, making the bone brittle and more susceptible to damage/breaking. This becomes more common with age.

3. Bone Injuries and Diseases
Bone Cancer
Osteosarcoma – Cancer of bone tissue
Leukemia – Cancer infects the marrow (red and white blood cell production center)

4. FRACTURES
Simple Fracture – a clean break that does not penetrate the skin tissue.

5. FRACTURES
Compound Fracture – a clean break that penetrates the skin

6. FRACTURES Comminuted Fracture Bone breaks into multiple fragments
Common in the elderly

7. FRACTURES
Compression Fracture – the bone is crushed under pressure. Common in spongy areas of bone, and in the spine.

8. FRACTURES
Depression Fracture – Bone is sunken in. Common on hollow bones and bones that form cavities.

9. FRACTURES
Impaction Fracture – Bones are forced into each other. Common when arms/legs are used to absorb the impact of a fall.

10. FRACTURES
Spiral Fracture – results from a twisting force on the bone, causing it to snap. Can be simple or compound. This break is seen most often as a result of a sports injury.

11. FRACTURES
Greenstick Fracture – An incomplete fracture that got its name because it resembled a stick breaking. Found most often in small children due to their bones still beings mostly cartilage, and therefore flexible.

12. The Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton is composed of the skull and all its bones, the spine, rib cage, and sternum.

13. The Axial Skeleton The Skull Comprised of the cranium and facial bones
22 bones total
Cranium protects the brain and is made up of 8 bones
Facial bones allow for eye position and muscular attachment, and is made up of 14 bones
The Mandible is the only free-moving bone

14. The Axial Skeleton The Hyoid Bone
Not directly connected to anything by connective tissue
Coordinates tongue movement
Neck muscles attach to it to aid in speaking and swallowing

15. The Axial Skeleton The Spine
Broken into 3 major sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar
Cervical – 7 vertebrae
Thoracic – 12 vertebrae
Lumbar – 5 vertebrae
Cervical Atlas holds the head

16. The Axial Skeleton Sacrum and Coccyx Sacrum is made of 5 fused bones
Coccyx is made of 4 fused bones
Coccyx is a remnant of what used to be our tail

17. The Axial Skeleton Vertebrae Protect the spinal cord
Thoracic vertebrae provide attachment point for ribs

18. The Axial Skeleton Intervertebral Disks Act as shock absorbers
Mainly composed of water
They lose water and compress over time, which is why you “shrink” when you get older

19. The Axial Skeleton
Disks can rupture, causing excessive pain and hinder movement.

20. The Axial Skeleton
Disorders in spine curvature can occur, resulting in scoliosis, kyphosis, or lordosis.

21. The Axial Skeleton Rib Cage
We have 24 ribs that all have attachment points along the spine
Their primary job is to protect organs
The sternum provides additional support and protection

22. The Axial Skeleton We have a total of 24 ribs (12 pairs)
There are 3 types of ribs
True Ribs (red) connect directly to the sternum via cartilage
False Ribs (green) connect to the cartilage of the last true rib, and are not directly connected to the sternum
Floating Ribs (blue) are only connected to the spinal cord

23. The Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is made up of the shoulder girdle and its attached appendages, as well as the pelvic girdle and its attached appendages.

24. The Appendicular Skeleton
The Shoulder Girdle is made up of the clavicle and scapula.

25. The Appendicular Skeleton
The arm and hand are made up of several bones.
The humerus attaches directly to the shoulder girdle.
The ulna and radius attach to the humerus proximally and the carpals distally
There are 6 carpal bones
The metacarpals are between the carpals and phalanges
The phalanges are comprised of 3 bones each.

26. The Appendicular Skeleton
The pelvis is comprised of 6 bones that are fused together
The female pelvis is wider in comparison to the male pelvis
The male pubic arch is 90 degrees or less, the female pubic arch is more than 90 degrees

27. The Appendicular Skeleton
The femur attaches directly to the pelvis
The tibia and fibula attach to the femur proximally and to the talus distally.
The patella “floats”, held in place by ligaments and tendons
There are 7 tarsal bones, including the talus and calcaneus (heel)
The metatarsals are between the tarsals and phalanges
There are 14 phalanges. The big toe is the only one that is in 2 segments, not 3.

28. Joints

29. Joints

30. Joint Disorders
Dislocations occur when a ball and socket or saddle joint is popped out of the joint. This usually results in ligament damage and the need for corrective surgery.

31. Joint Disorders
Separations occur when bone joints that do not completely interconnect, but are linked by connective tissue, have that connection stretched out of shape, or destroyed completely. This, in some instances, can be treated if it is just stretched, but if there is a tear, surgery is needed.

32. Joint Disorders
A sprain occurs when there is a violent pulling or twisting of a joint that results in the swelling of the joint and damage of the connective tissue, but no dislocation or separation.

33. Joint Disorders
Bursitis occurs when synovial fluid leaks from the bursa sac into the joint and surrounding areas. This results in discomfort, pain, and can hinder range of motion. In moderate cases, the affected area can be drained.

34. Joint Disorders
Arthritis occurs when there is an inflammation of the joint tissue, due to either cartilage erosion or swelling from bone damage. Arthritis is common in the elderly, and in people who perform repetitious activities, like athletes or writers.