1. Relative Clause 1

2. Relative clauses
Relative clauses are short phrases beginning with words like who, that and which (called 'relative pronouns') that define or describe people and things. There are two types

3. Defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses: we use these to identify exactly which person or thing we mean. The information is necessary for the sentence to make sense.
The doctor who treated me told me not to wony.
In this example there is more than one doctor and we only know which one by the relative clause.

4. Non-defining relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses: we use these to give extra information. The information is not necessary for the sentence to make sense. To show this in writing we use commas

5. Relative pronoun who and whom Who and whom refer to people.
In formal speech and writing we can use whom instead of who where who is the object of the sentence (see below). We can also use whom after a preposition. However, this is becoming less common and in modern English speakers rarely

6. use whom - instead they use who or that.
The people who live next door make a lot of noise. The people that live next door make a lot of noise.
It was the same boy whom I met yesterday.
('I' is the subject, 'whom' is the object)
No one knows by whom the victim was shot.
(after the preposition 'by', but very rare in modern English.)

7. No one knows who the victim was shot by.
(normal usage in speech and writing)
whose
Whose shows that something belongs to someone.
The girl whose case had been stolen went to the police station

8. Relative Clause Which boy are you talking about?
The boy is my brother.
He is wearing a cap.
Oh I see! The boy who is wearing a cap is your brother.

9. Are you talking about me?
Relative Clause
The boy who is wearing a cap is my brother.
Are you talking about me?
What does it refer to?
The relative pronouns (which, who, whom or that) refer to the noun (or noun phrase) before it.

10. Relative People  who (subject), whom (object) Things  which
We can use ‘that’ instead of ‘who’, ‘whom’ and ‘which’.

11. Relative Clause The lady who (that) talked to me last night was Jenny.
 Jenny talked to me last night.
(Sub.)
The lady whom (that) talked to last night was Jenny.
 I talked to Jenny last night.
(Obj.) I

12. Relative Clause Which relative pronoun should we use?
The girl studies French doesn’t speak Cantonese.
Do you know the man I talked to?
It’s a book will interest children of all ages.
who/that
whom/that
which/that

13. Relative Clause The students are smart.
They are learning relative clause.
The students
who are learning relative clause
are smart.
‘who’ is used instead of ‘they’

14. Relative Clause Try to connect the sentences by using relative clause.
e.g. The girls annoyed me. They talked too much.
The girls who talked too much annoyed me.

15. Relative Clause The man told me to come back today. He left yesterday.
The cute boy is the owner’s son. He works in the shop.
The ladder began to slip. I was standing on it.
The man who left yesterday told me to come back today.
The cute boy who works in the shop is the owner’s son.
The ladder which I was standing on began to slip. /
The ladder on which I was standing began to slip. (more formal)

16. Relative Clause
Remember! The pronoun refers to the same thing as the relative pronoun does should be omitted.
e.g. The girl is my sister. You saw her yesterday.
A: The girl whom you saw her yesterday is my sister.
B: The girl whom you saw yesterday is my sister.

17. Exercise Time

18. Exercise The watch is mine. You saw the watch in the drawer.
The girl is my cousin. Ben talked to the girl.
The watch which (that) you saw in the drawer is mine.
The girl whom (that) Ben talked to is my cousin.

19. The park is beautiful. The park is next to our school.
The dictionary is useful. I bought the dictionary yesterday.
The park which (that) is next to our school is beautiful.
The dictionary which (that) I bought yesterday is useful.

20. The problem is difficult to solve. We are facing the problem.
The problem which (that) we are facing is difficult to solve.

21. Finish pp. (101) of your textbook tonight.
Homework
Finish pp. (101) of your textbook tonight.