1. The American Revolution and Creation of the United States
A New Nation
The American Revolution and Creation of the United States

2. Quiz
Describe the American values at the time of the Revolution in America.
IN your opinion did these values contribute to the revolution. Why or Why not??

3. English control of N. America

4. American Mind
After England’s wars with the French were complete many problems existed.
Post-war debts
High Taxes
Need for money to finance acquired lands
Counted on colonies to help
Most accepted others rejected
Some wanted control of lives
American values- holders of destiny

5. Proclamation of 1763
French-Indian War creates need for British to raise money and control colonists
First regulation placed on colonies by England
Established a boundary between the Appalachian Mountains west into Indian lands
No one could trade past this line
Colonists seen this as a challenge to their rights to push west and find new markets

6. Proclamation of 1763

7. Sugar Act
Passed by parliament of 1764-chief economic minister George Greenville
Also called the American Revenue Act
Raise revenues to pay debts and help keep the military in the colonies.
the Sugar Act imposed new or higher duties on sugar, textiles, coffee, indigo, and wine from non-British territories;
it also added to the list of "enumerated goods" that the colonies could ship only to English ports.

8. Stamp Act
Required the use of specially marked paper or the affixing of stamps on all wills, contracts,other legal documents, and newspapers
Made a legal business transaction you had to pay the tax
First internal tax within colonies
Virtual representation vs. taxation without representation

9. Colonial Reaction to Stamp Act
Taxation without representation
Massive protests occurred in the colonies
Stamp Act Congress- England had right to enforce laws but not direct taxes
Boycott ensued
Stamp Act was repealed
Declaratory Act- England had the right to legislate for the colonists

10. Quiz What was the Sugar Act? What was the Stamp Act?
Explain the impact of the Stamp Act Congress on the Stamp Act.
Describe the importance of the Declaratory Act.
Explain the events leading up to the Boston Massacre
Bonus: Describe virtual representation

11. Charles Townshend
Prime Minister of Great Britain in Colonists believed he would be more favorable
Quartering Act
Required colonial legislatures to pay for supplies need by British Troops
Unless payments were made all laws passed by the colonies would be nullified
Revenue Act (Townshend Duties)
Taxed American imports of tea,glass, lead, paper,and paint
Thought that external tax would not be opposed

12. Townshend American Board of Customs Commissioners
Collected the taxes for Townshend
Became hated for dubious techniques of collection
Boston Massacre
Rioting over the actions of the Commissioners brought the British military to the city in 1768
Troops fired on a protest in 1770 when troops fired on a rock throwing crowd.
Colonists used incident to stir up anti-British sentiments
Actually caused a relaxation in tensions.

13. Boston Massacre

14. Massachusetts Circular Letter
Drafted by Samuel Adams
Raised the issue of “Taxation without representation”
Townshend ordered the Mass. House of Representatives dissolved
Boycott of British goods
Loss of revenues by Britain that exceeded profits made by Townshend Acts.

15. The Road to Revolution
Boston Harbor

16. Quiz
Charles Townshend placed many acts upon the colonists during his time as prime minister.
Discuss the so-called Townshend Acts and explain colonists reaction to the acts.

17. 1772 Two events brought the period of calm to an end.
Rhode Island colonists burned the British ship The Gaspee
The salaries for the governor and judges of Mass would be paid for by the king.
Left many to believe that Britain was undermining colonial self-rule
Committee of Correspondence
Bring news of British abuses to town meetings
Stirred up Anti-British sentiment

18. Tea Act Lord North replaced Townshend as minister of Britain.
North wanted to bail out East India Company from bankruptcy
East India Co. got monopoly on sale and distribution of tea into colonies
Lowered the price of tea to an all time low price
Revenue from the tea tax even though it was low was unacceptable to the colonists
Cemented Parliament’s right to tax the colonists

19. Boston Tea Party
Colonists were led to believe that the king was trying to purchase loyalty with cheap tea
When tea shipments arrived Samuel Adams called for the tea to be sent back and no tax be paid
Dressed as Mohawk Indians and boarded the ship and threw the 342 chests of tea into the harbor

20. Boston Tea Party

21. Boston Tea Party

22.                           
Indians dumping tea

23. Coercive Acts
In Response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament hit the colonists The Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
Boston Port Act- Closed the port of Boston
Until the cost of tea and duties were paid in full
A new Quartering Act would allow British soldiers to be housed by colonists
Quebec Act: Set up Catholic government in Quebec. Gave away some colonists lands to Quebec
Revoked the Ma. Charter
Town meetings could not be held
Act for Impartial Administration of Justice- British soldiers would not be tried in the colonies.

24. Quiz
Explain the provisions of the following acts against the colonists
Sugar Act
Stamp Act
Quartering Act
What goods had duties placed on them by the Townshend Acts?
Describe the provisions of the Tea Act.
Why were colonists so opposed to the Tea Act?
What were the provisions of the Coercive Acts- Hint 5 of them?
Bonus: What did the power of the purse refer to?
Bonus 2: How did the Sugar and Townshend Acts apply to mercantilism while the Stamp Act did not?

25. Quiz Discuss the impact the Townshend duties had on the colonies.
Explain the reasons behind the Boston Tea Party.
Why were the Coercive Acts intolerable to the colonists?
Describe the outcome of the First Continental Congress
List one of the two profound effects of the Battle at Bunker Hill.
Bonus: What was the one condition for George Washington to assume command of the American forces?

26. QUIZ What were the provisions and consequences of the following Acts?
Sugar
Stamp
Townshend
Tea
Intolerable (Coercive)

27. First Continental Congress
Philadelphia: September and October 1774
Many called for the Suffolk Reserves
Condemn the Coercive acts
Called for colonists to form militias
Ban on imports , exports, and consumption
Would not pay tax until port of Boston was re-opened and Mass government was restored.
Enforced through the committee of correspondence
Plan was more moderate
Condemned Parliament for not allowing colonists the rights and privileges that they enjoy as English subjects
Colonists can chart on course on taxes and internal matters, subject to veto by the king
All acts since 1763 be repealed.

28. First Continental Congress
Dominion Theory
Colonies not subject to parliament but to the Crown.
Lord North
Conciliatory Resolutions: Taxes only to regulate trade.
Colony could keep taxes generated if they would pay for the military in the colonies

29. Militias Colonists began to fortify towns with Minute Men.
Some organizers began to be arrested
April : colonists and British faced off in Lexington
8 colonists were killed
British went on to Concord where militias were supplied
Colonists fired upon the Brits wounding 273 in retreat
Fighting quickly spread
Boston, Vermont, Bunker Hill

30. Second Continental Congress
Olive Branch Petition- professing loyalty to the king and asking him to end the bloodshed
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms-
Denounced the Lexington bloodshed
Refused independence but said the colonists would resist becoming slaves to the Crown.
Continental Army was declared to support the rights of colonists
This Congress would assume governmental duties
George Washington declared in charge of the Army- Bunker Hill

31. Choosing Sides King rejects Olive Branch Petition
Colonists get French as ally
Loyalists
Those loyal to the king
20% of the colonists
Patriots
Against England
Out numbered the loyalists 5 to 1
Possible Civil War

32. Debate Reflections
Explain in your opinion who had the most to gain and who had the most to lose in the Revolutionary War.
Thomas Paine declared that it was Common Sense for America to break with England. Do you think he thought it would take a war if he was calling his article “common sense?”
Explain what you think should happen to the Loyalists? To the French? Think of this as penalties or awards for their part in the war.
Explain the position of American slaves. Why is this interesting given your knowledge of the institution of slavery after the War?

33. Independence Common Sense: Thomas Paine Declaration of Independence
Tried to show Americans of the Inconsistency of British rule in the colonies
Declaration of Independence
Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin
Jefferson is primary author
Adopted on July 2, 1776
Slavery was at issue in the revisions
Natural Rights– government should protect the rights of the people. Locke- Treatise on Government

34. War with England
The war shifted in geographical focus during the years
New England ( )
Middle States ( )
Southern States ( )
Winter was a time in which the military would leave the battlefield and then return in the Spring
On Christmas 1776, Americans surprised a Hessian garrison by crossing the Delaware River at Trenton.
Raised the American morale

35. War with England Saratoga Valley Forge
British found the terrain difficult
American forces led by Horatio Gates defeated the British
After the battle an alliance pact with the French was signed- Treaty of Alliance
French helped Americans with supplies for war
Valley Forge
Troops suffered through brutal winter with the promise of extra pay after the war
Battle(s) in the northern theater only proved to be stalemates at best

36. End of the War George Rogers Clark Yorktown
TO end the “scalping” of Americans by the Indians. Clark and some other frontiersmen surrounded the British and Iroquois. Captured a British garrison
Yorktown
After the British had taken Savannah and Charleston they moved towards Yorktown,Va.
Yorktown was on a peninsula and when the French blocked the British from an ocean escape Yorktown was lost
British set down their arms led by Gen. Cornwallis

37. Treaty of Paris 1782 Franklin, Adams, and John Jay
Great Britain recognized American independence with the Miss. River as its western boundary
Fishing rights off of Newfoundland
British troops would leave with all convenient speed
Americans had to compensate the Loyalists for property confiscated before British troops would leave

38. Treaty of Paris Native Americans would not recognize America
Slaves got nothing. Britain turned their back

39. Quiz
Describe the Sugar Act and Townshend Duties and explain how they were similar.
What was the Stamp Act and discuss colonists reactions to this Act?
What was the Tea Act and describe what the Act led the colonists to do?
Discuss the Coercive Acts (all 5 of them)and the reaction made by colonists.
Describe the arguments in some publications about why the colonists should favor independence.
Bonus: Name one US negotiator in the Treaty of Paris

40. Governmental Structures of The United States of America
Creating A New Nation
Governmental Structures of The United States of America

42. Precursor of American Government
Ancient Greece and Rome- direct democracy
Magna Carta- listed rights the English monarch could not take away.
European Writers- natural rights- rights people are born with
Montesquieu- separation of powers

43. Articles of Confederation
Loose confederation of states
National legislature
Each state gets one vote
No executive or judicial branches
Unicameral Legislation- Confederation Congress
Legislature afraid power would be taken away

44. Indian Land Cessions

45. Accomplishments of the Confederation Congress
Ordinance of 1785
System of surveying lands
Made townships six square miles and divided them into 36 sections of 640 acres
A family of four could live on 160 acres

46. Positives of Articles of Confederation
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Established the Northwest territory
Established how a territory would become a state
Territory had to get 60,000 people (5,000 males) then a state constitution was prepared and petitioned Congress for statehood.

47. Northwest Ordinance Led to clashes with Native Americans
Natives were promised that their lands would not be taken
Government did not recognize some tribes and their right to land
Fighting broke out along the Ohio R. with the Shawnee and Miami tribes

49. Weakness of the Confederation Congress
Needed nine votes to pass any law
Could not tax states or people
Could not regulate trade
Congress could declare war but could not raise an army
Basically the New Government was State Rule

50. Writing Assignment
Analyze the effectiveness of the Articles of Confederation.
Strengths
Weaknesses
What should happen to it in the future??
With a partner create a plan for revisions of the Articles of Confederation to meet the needs of the people.
Combine into a group of 4 and mesh plans of revision into one working document

51. Starter Describe two weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
What was the Ordinance of 1785?
What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

52. Annapolis Convention (1786)
12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.
Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

53. Shay’s Rebellion America was in debt of 160 million after the war
Printed more money on European loans
Inflation skyrocketed
Daniel Shays
Led 2,000 men to shutdown courthouses
Men were slaughtered by Mass. Militia
Did get the Ma. Legislature to lower taxes
Calls for a stronger national government to help states began.

54. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

55. Constitutional Convention
May 1787, 55 delegates from twelve states arrived in Philadelphia
Purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation
As the convention continued in September of 1787 a new Constitution was in the works
New structure of government

56. Virginia Plan James Madison was main author
Called for a bicameral legislature to make laws, treaties, and levy taxes
Representation in both houses based on population
Member of lower house voted by the people
Members of the upper house would be chosen by member of the lower house. Selection would come from nominations from state
No plan for electing an executive
President chosen by Legislature- One term
Execute all laws

57. New Jersey Plan William Patterson main author
Large state plan would give power to states- Virginia and New York
Unicameral house of legislature
Power to levy taxes and regulate trade
Members chosen by state legislators and each state gets one vote
Multi-person executive would be elected by the legislature
Laws passed were binding to the states

58. Connecticut (Great) Compromise
Authored by Roger Sherman
Large states wanted representation based on population
Small states wanted equal representation
Compromise
House of Rep: based on population of a state
Senate: 2 members with equal vote from each state

59. 3/5ths Compromise
How would slaves be counted in terms of population to send Representatives to the Congress?
Count a slave as 3/5ths a person for representation and direct tax purpose

60. Quiz What were the Articles of Confederation?
Explain the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles.
Explain the difference of the Virginia and New Jersey Plans.
Discuss the Great Compromise.
Explain the 3/5ths compromise as well as the Northern and Southern response to this compromise.

61. Quiz Discuss the Virginia Plan Discuss the NJ Plan
Explain the Great Compromise
Explain the 3/5ths Compromise
How were the Northern and Southern viewpoints of the 3/5ths compromise different.

62. Branches of Government
Executive
Election by Congress or people
Electoral college: states choose electors to equal their number of reps in Congress.
Electors would vote for two presidential candidates
Whoever got the most votes was Pres. 2nd most was VP.
Legislative
Congress with two houses

63. Branches of Government
Judicial
Supreme Court
Separation of Powers
Government is in the hands of the three branches.
All have different duties
Checks and Balances
Makes sure that one branch does not dominate the others

64. Federalist Supporters of the Constitution
Supported a strong federal government
A strong federal government would provide protection, maintain order, regulate trade, and guarantee the rights of citizens.
Ensure the nation’s debt were paid.

65. Anti-Federalist
Feared that strong central government would endanger the people’s liberties and freedoms
Government was too far from the people.
Fearful of abuse of power

66. Ratification Smaller states ratified the Constitution first
New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution however Virginia and New York had not ratified by 1788
Both ratified after staunch debates in summer of 1788
Rhode Island was last to ratify in 1790.

67. US Constitution
First three articles give powers to the branches of government
Article IV gives relations of the states to one another
Article V- Process of Amendment
Article VI- General Provisions
Article VII- Ratification

68. Essay
Compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation with the US Constitution.
You may refer to the Constitution of the United States of America on p. A4 in your textbook
Create a chart with comparison criteria to help organize your response
Remember Writing Format for this class
Introduction
Body
Conclusion

69. Review
Describe
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Great Compromise
3/5th Compromise
Explain the difference between the Federalist and Anti-Federalist

70. Organizing the New Government
The New Nation

71. George Washington
George Washington sworn in as 1st President of US April 30, 1789
First capital was New York City
Bill of Rights
James Madison led committee to add rights for people that had been guaranteed by the states
Most concern was the 1st Amendment
Part of Anti-Federalist agenda
North Carolina and Rhode Island failed to ratify the Constitution until Bill of Rights was submitted to Congress

72. Alexander Hamilton

73. Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury
Report on Public Credit (1790)
National debt was high after war
Pay the debt by printing new securities and honoring at face value the certificates issued by the Continental Congress
Federal government assume state debts- Assumption
Just pay off interest of debt was sufficient

74. Hamilton’s Critics
Critics claimed that many had sold their certificates at cheap prices
Current holders would make huge profits
States consented because they would lose debt
Congress passed the report
Report was huge financial success

75. Hamilton (con’t) Report on a National Bank Federally chartered Bank
Handle Federal deposits, make loans to the gov’t and issue paper notes when cash was scarce
Funded by shareholders who could make profit

76. Hamilton (con’t) Report on Manufactures
Called for protective tariffs on imports to encourage domestic manufacturing
Congress did not support high tariff
Hamilton got same result by charging duties on goods imported on non-American ships than on American ships

77. Whiskey Rebellion Western Pennsylvania farmers movement
Distilled grains into liquor
Excise tax- levied by Hamilton- 25% of value of product
Farmers declared defiance against tax and rioted against tax officials
Militias set out to disperse rebellion
Federal law would be obeyed
Violent protest would not be allowed

78. Foreign Policy of Washington
Washington’s Neutrality
Isolationist point of view
Would not take sides between France and Great Britain
Britain took American vessels after it was thought US sided with France
Jay’s Treaty
British withdrew from Northwest and allowed for trade in the West Indies
Pinckney's Treaty or San Lorenzo
31st parallel as southern boundary of US
Free use of Miss River all the way to New Orleans to avoid duties on products

79. Pickney’s Treaty

80. John Adams

81. Foreign Policy XYZ affair Treaty with France not as easy
Election of Adams led the French to fire upon American ships
Americans went to meet with French minister Talleyrand
Refused to meet with them and referred them to unknown agents X,Y,Z
Talleyrand would negotiate with them when he got 250,000 and France got 12 million
Led to greater hostilities between France and US
Fighting in the Caribbean Ocean.

82. Domestic Policy Alien and Sedition Acts
A crime to “combine or conspire to oppose any policy of the United States or to intimidate public officials
Illegal to write, print, utter, or publish anything against the government
Zenger Affair: Colonial era case that materials may be published if are proven true

83. Domestic Policy Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Jefferson wrote the KY resolution; Madison wrote the VA resolution
Doctrine of Interposition: states had the right to protect citizens by taking a stand against the unconstitutional federal laws
Nullification: right to cancel federal laws that state thought were unacceptable

84. Exit Pass Explain assumption bill and why it was controversial.
What is neutrality and why did Washington think we should follow that policy?
Why were the KY and VA resolutions seen as important to the states?