1. A World of Change The West Between the Wars
11.7 Students analyze America’s participation in World War II
Examine the origins of American involvement in the war, with an emphasis on the events that precipitated the attack on Pearl Harbor
Analyze Roosevelt’s foreign policy during World War II (e.g. Four Freedoms speech)

2. After the Great War (After World War I)
Treaty of Versailles
Created League of Nations
Weak due to United States not joining
Demanded Germany Pay Allied Forces for damages
France demanded that Germany pay them 132 billion marks = 33 billion U.S. Dollars

3. Money Troubles France demanded money from Germany
Germany did not have the money
France took over the Ruhr Valley, which had mines and industry, as supplemental payment
Germany started to print money to pay France
This caused inflation
Money Does not grow on trees,
so Germany just printed money instead

4. Money Troubles Continued Rate of Inflation
Year
German Mark
U.S. Dollar
1914
4.2 1
1919 9
1922
500
1923 (January)
18,000
1923 (July)
350,000
1923 (August)
5,000,000 (5 million)
1923 (November)
4,200,000,000,000 (4.2 trillion)

5. Women would burn money because it was cheaper than firewood
Children would play with money like it was a toy
-It would cost thousands of marks to mail a letter
People would be paid three times a day and carry money in trunks or barrels

6. Solution to the Problem
Dawes Plan
America loaned Germany money to pay France
$200 million loaned to Germany
The Treaty of Locarno
Guaranteed Germany’s new western boarders

7. Problems to the Solution
Circular Borrowing 1 4 3 2
1 - US to Germany
2 - Germany to France
3 - France to England
4 - England to US

8. The Cycle is Broken The Stock Market Crash (1929)
Leads to Great Depression in United States
Leads to World Wide Depression
Effects of Depression
Government Involvement in business
Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines and Communism
Lead people to follow Political Leaders with simple solutions = Dictatorship = Fascism

9. America’s Stance In America FDR focused on the New Deal
Pushed for disarmament
Kellog-Briand Act - called for diplomacy instead of war
Moral Embargo
FDR asked business to stop selling goods to Italy
Business said NO

10. The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
Fascism: a system of government that stresses nationalism and places interest of the state above the individual
Characteristics of Fascism
Dictatorial, one party rule
Individual rights denied
Supremacy of the state
Fervent nationalism - pride of one’s nation
Scapegoating - blaming someone else for the problems

11. Fascist Party in Italy Lead by Benito Mussolini
Kind of totalitarian state
Definition: Government that aims to control the political, economical, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens
Lead by Single Leader and Single Political Party
Mussolini Aligns with Adolf Hitler

12. America’s Stance Response to Italy Neutrality Act
America could not travel to countries at war
America would not lend money to countries at war
America could not sell arms to countries at war

13. Fascism in Russia Lead by Joseph Stalin Created a Communist Party
Stalin arranged for millions of people to be killed if they opposed the government (The Great Purges)
An era of economic, social, and political revolutions
Five Year Plan
Focus on economy
Government took control of farms (collectivization)
Government took control of armaments
Government took control of capital goods

14. Fascism in Spain Lead by Francisco Franco
Spanish Military revolted against Government
Caused Civil War
Assisted by Hitler and Mussolini
Franco’s dictatorship is an authoritarian regime

15. America’s Stance
Response to Spain and Russia
Remain Neutral

16. Hitler and Nazi Germany
Nazi Party emerged after WWI
German Workers’ Party  National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi)
Hitler organized Beer Hall Putsch
Revolt against the government
Hitler was arrested, put into jail
wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in jail
Hitler becomes Chancellor legally
He was VOTED into office

17. Change in Germany Economic Change
Public work projects and grants to recover from Depression
Government Control of Public Institutions
Churches and all types of schools were under government control and told to support Hitler

18. Changes in Germany Continued
Anti-Semitic Policies
Hatred towards Jews
Not defined by religion, but by ethnicity
Nuremberg Laws  excluded Jews from German citizenship
Jew was defined if you had a Jewish grandparent
Marriage between Germans and Jews was forbidden
Jews required to wear a yellow star and identification cards

19. Kristallnacht Kristallnacht = “Night of Broken Glass”
Destruction against Jews by Nazi Germans
November 9, 1938
Nazis burned Synagogues (Jewish places of worship)
Nazis destroyed at least 7,000 businesses
At least 100 Jews were killed
30,000 male Jews were taken to concentration camps

20. World War II The Paths to War

21. Paths to War Country Aggression
Japan invades Manchuria in 1931
Nanjing “raped” in 1937
Mussolini invades Ethiopia
Denounced by the League of Nations
Hitler rebuilds German army to 600,000
Condemned by League of Nations
Against agreement of Treaty of Versailles
Franco’s Civil War in Spain

22. Germany (Hitler’s) Demands
Austria
Anschluss proposed by Hitler
Rhineland
DMZ Buffer Zone near France
Sudetenland
Czech. border with Germany

23. Policies of the West Hitler is Unchecked
Fascists get more aggressive
Europe drifts towards war
Attitudes of other countries
U.S.  Isolation
Great Depression
WWI just ended and did not want to enter another war
England and France Appeasement
Munich Conference
Economic depression
Did not want another war
Easier to look away from activities in Europe

24. Hitler’s Deal with Stalin
Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact
Prevents Germany from a two-front war

25. “Give a Man an Inch” Hitler is never satisfied, he always wants more
Hitler controls:
The rest of Czechoslovakia (1938)
Demands Danzig, Poland
United Kingdom and France promise to support Poland if Hitler invades
Hitler invades Poland on – 1939 causing England and France to FINALLY declare war on Germany
War begins in Europe

26. Roosevelt’s Wisdom “The Great Arsenal of Democracies” “Four Freedoms”
December 29, Roosevelt refers to the rapid conversion of much of the Detroit-area automotive industry into a production of war armaments
It was a call to “arm and support” the war efforts
“Four Freedoms”
January 6, 1941 – In his annual message to Congress, President Roosevelt announces the Four Freedoms
Freedom from fear
Freedom of religion
Freedom of expression
Freedom from want

27. War in Europe Begins: America’s Stance
Neutrality Questioned
FDR wanted to ignore the Neutrality Acts and sell weapons to the Allies
Congress said NO
Cash and Carry
FDR Convinced Congress to allow Allies to purchase weapons with cash and they had to ship the weapons themselves
American Public
Americans did not want to ender the war
In September 1941, 80% of American opposed going to war

28. US Support of Great Britain
Britain Isolated
By 1941, Britain was the only remaining power
Battle of Britain began with Hitler’s air raids over London
Atlantic Charter
Churchill and FDR made a pact that in this war they would seek territorial gains and restore peoples rights.
Lend-Lease Act
March 11, America lend American weapons to Britain that would be returned after the war.

30. Japan Prepares an Empire
Expanding territory
July 23, The Japanese extend their occupation across the whole of Indochina
November 27, Japan rejects the USA's demand for their withdrawal of forces from China.
December 7, The Japanese attack Thailand, Malaya, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Singapore. Quickly taking control of all these areas.
Yes This is the same day that they attacked Pearl Harbor!

32. US Preparation for War US Navy in EVERY ocean Roosevelt’s Declarations
February 2, The US Navy is reorganized in to the Atlantic, Pacific and Asiatic fleets and ordered to bring ship crews up to war establishments
Roosevelt’s Declarations
May 27, 1941 – Roosevelt declares ultimate national emergency; calls upon all Americans to resist Hitlerism.
June 14, 1941 – Roosevelt orders the freezing of al German and Italian assets, as well as those of occupied countries.

33. Japan and US Relations Japanese Aggression
Japan continued to take over land in Asia and the Pacific
Japanese need to have the economic trading supply of the US, which the US refused by freezing their assets in the US on July 4, 1941
The Japanese decided that they had to attack the US if they wanted to gain that support
Japanese Deception
November 15, 1941 – A Japanese special negotiator arrives in Washington D.C.
December 1, 1941 – US-Japanese talks continue
December 4, 1941 – The Japanese Embassy in Washington begins to leave, destroy code-books and personal files in the process.
December 6, 1941 – President Roosevelt sends a last minute plea to the Japanese Emperor for Peace.
                           

34. Japan Attacks Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor
On December 7, 1941 that Japanese attack Pearl Harbor Hawaii destroying 8 battleships and killing 2,300.
                                    
                                 

35. Fast Reaction to Pearl Harbor
US Response
US declares war
December 8, 1941 – President Roosevelt addressed the U.S. Congress, saying “December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy”, which addressed the bombing of Pearl Harbor
December 8, 1941 – Congress declares war on Japan with an 82-0 vote in the Senate and vote in the House of Representatives.
Roosevelt signs the Declaration of War against Japan that day.
                                      
                                   

36. World Reaction to Pearl Harbor
Allied Powers are formed (US Great Britain and France)
December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. In response, the United States declare war on Germany and Italy, as well as US allies, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua also declare war on Germany and Italy.
Ended United States Isolationism

37. Allies in both shades of green
- dark green: allies before the attack on Pearl Harbor
- light green: allied countries that entered the war after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
Axis Powers - Orange
Neutral Countries - Grey