1. Scheduling Determines the precise start time of each task.
The start times must satisfy the original dependencies of
the sequencing graph,
Scheduling determines the concurrency of the resulting implementation
Area/latency trade-off points can be derived and resources may be bounded to satisfy design requirement.
A spectrum of solutions may be obtained by scheduling a sequencing graph with different resource constraints.
Parallelism increases area due to more number of resource usage but reduces latency (delay)

2. Model for scheduling problems :
X1 = a+da;
U1= u-(3*a*u*da) – (3*y*da);
Y1= y+u*da;
C=X1< a; * _ +
< 3 a u da y X1 Y1 C U1

3. Sequencing graph * +
< - V0 vn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

4. Scheduling rules
The Latency of the schedule is the number of cycles to execute the entire schedule or it is the difference in start time of the sink and source vertices  = tn – to
The start time of an operation is at least as large as the start time of each of its direct predecessor plus its execution delay.
i.e. ti > tj+dj i,j (vj,vi)  E.

5. Scheduling without Resource constraints
Used when dedicated resources are used, when operations differ in their use.
Used when resource binding is done prior to scheduling and resource conflicts are solved by serializing the operations that share the same resource.
Used to derive bounds on latency for constrained problems. A lower bound on latency can be computed.

6. Problem formulation for Scheduling
Input to Scheduling problem is a sequencing graph with
1.D = {di ; i=0, 1….. n} denotes the set of operation execution delays. The execution delays of the source and sink vertices are both zero. i.e. d0=dn=0. Also assume that delays are data independent.
2. Set of start time T= {ti ; i=0, 1….. n}, the start time for the operations.
The Latency of the schedule is the number of cycles to execute the entire schedule or it is the difference in start time of the sink and source vertices  = tn – to

7. ASAP ( As Soon As Possible) Algorithm
ASAP (Gs (V,E)) {
Schedule Vo by setting tso =1;
Repeat {
Select a vertex Vi whose predecessors were all scheduled;
Schedule Vi by setting tsi= max tsj+dj; j:(Vj,Vi)  E. }
until Vn is scheduled
return (ts);
Assume all operations have unit execution delays.

8. ASAP algorithm ASAP algorithm would set first tso =1
then vertices whose predecessors have been scheduled are v1, v2, v3, v8, v10. Their start time is set to tso + do = 1+0 =1
The start time for sink tns = 5
There fore the latency is = 5-1 = 4 .

9. Sequencing graph * +
< - V0 vn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

10. ALAP ( As Late As Possible) Algorithm
ALAP (Gs(V,E),) {
Schedule Vn by setting tLn= +1;
Repeat {
Select vertex Vi whose successors are all
scheduled;
Schedule Vi setting tLi=min (tLj-dj); j: (Vi, Vj) E. }
Until (V0 is scheduled);
Return (tL)

11. ALAP graph * + -
< 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 8 10 9 11 Vo Vn

12. Scheduling with Resource constraints :
The integer linear programming model
Start time of each operations is unique
Sequencing relations must be satisfied
The resource bounds must be met at every schedule time step

14. Example xil parameters.
x 0,1=1; x 1,1=1, x 2,1=1; x 3,2=1; x 4,3=1; x 5,4=1
Vertex V0 starts at 1,therefore x 0,1=1, similarly V1 starts at time step 1, V2 starts at time step 1, V3 starts at time step 2, V4 starts at time step 3 and V5 starts at time step 4
Vertices V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5 has mobility of 0 ie they have only one start time possibilities.
Other vertices V6, V7 has mobility of 1, hence their xil parameters are
x 6,1+ x 6,2=1; x 7,2+ x 7,3 = 1

15. vertices V8, V9, V10 and V11 has mobility of 2, hence their xil parameters are
x 8,1+x 8,2+x 8,3=1;
x 9,2+x 9,3+x 9,4=1;
x 10,1+x 10,2+x 10,3=1;
x 11,2+x 11,3+x 11,4=1;
x n,5=1

16. Using sequencing constraints we get a set of sequencing conditions as follows.
2x 7,2+3x 7,3 – x 6,1 – 2x 6,2 -1 ≥ 0
If V7 starts at time step 2, then v6 should start at time step 1 or if V7 starts at time step 3, then V6 can start at time step 1 or step 2
2x 9,2+3x 9,3+4x 9,4-x 8,1-x 8,3 -1 ≥ 0
2x 11,2+3x 11,3+4x 11,4-x 10,1-2x 10,2-3x 10,3 -1 ≥ 0
4x 5,4 -2x 7,2-3x 7,3-1 ≥ 0

17. Resource constraints: two multipliers available
1. At time step 1
x 1,1+x 2,1+x 6,1+x 8,1 ≤ 2
Selected: x 1,1+x 2,1 = 2
1. At time step 2
x 3,2+x 6,2+x 7,2+x 8,2 ≤ 2
Selected: x 3,2+x 6,2 = 2
3. At time step 3
x 7,3+x 8,3 ≤ 2

18. Resource constraints: two ALUS available
1. At time step 1
x 10,1≤ 2
2. At time step 2
x 9,2+x 10,2+x 11,2≤ 2
V11 is selected for scheduling
3. At time step 3
x 4,3+x 9,3+x 10,3+x 11,3≤ V4 is selected
4. At time step 4
x 5,4+x 9,4+x 11,4≤ 2 V5, V9 are selected

19. * + -
< 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 8 10 9 11 Vo Vn

20. Heuristic scheduling algorithms
List scheduling
List { Gs (V.E) a )
l = 1
Repeat {
for each resource type k = 1,2 ….nres
Determine candidate operators U l,k;
Determine unfinished operations T l,k ;
Select a vertex such that Sk is subset of U l,k and Sk+ T l,k ≤ ak
Schedule the Sk operations at step l by setting ti=l; Vi € Sk; }
l=l+1;
} until(Vn is scheduled);
return (t); }

21. The candidate operations U l,k are those operations of type k whose predecessors have already been scheduled early enough so, that the corresponding operations are completed at step
The unfinished operations T l,k are the set of operations of type k that started at earlier cycles and whose execution is not finished at step l.
A priority list of operations is used in choosing among the operations based on some heuristic urgency measures
A common priority list is the table with weights of their longest path to the sink and rank them in decreasing order the most urgent operations are scheduled first scheduling under resource.

22. Labeled graph

23. Let a = [l,1] T in the beginning.
At the first step for k = 1,
U1,1 = { v1,v2,v6,v8}.
two operations with zero slack/longest path, ( v1,v2) are scheduled.
Thus vector a = [2, 1] T .
For k = 2, U1,1 = {v10}, is selected and scheduled.
At the second step for k = 1,
U2,1 = {v 3 , v6, v8}. There are two operations with zero slack,
{ v 3 ,v 6} which are scheduled.
For k = 2, U2,2 = {v11} ,which is selected and scheduled.

24. At the third step for k = 1 ,
U 3,1 , = {v7,v8} which are selected.
For k = 2, U3.2 = (v4), which is selected and scheduled.
At the fourth step U4,2 = {v5,v9}. Both operations have zero slack.
They are selected and scheduled.
a is updated to a = [2,2]T.
Hence two resources of each type are required..

25. Labeled graph

26. Assumptions all operations have unit delay
a1 = 2 Multiplier a2 = 2 ALUs
1st Step, k = 1, U 1,1 = { V1, V2 V6, V8 }
the selected operations are { V1, V2, } because their label in maximum
k = 2, U 2,1 = { V10} which is Selected & scheduled
At 2nd step, k = 1, U 2,1= { V3, V6, V8 }
Selected operations are { V3, V6} because their label in maximum
For k = 2, U 2,2 { V11} which is selected and scheduled
At 3rd Step, K= 1, U 3,1, = { V7, V8} Which are selected & scheduled
K= 2, U 3,2 = { V4} is Scheduled
At 4th Step { V5, V9} are selected and scheduled

27. List scheduling to determine minimum resource
List scheduling applied to minimize the resource usage under latency
Constraint ʎ.
At the beginning, one resource per type is assumed, i.e., a is a vector with
all entries set to 1. a=[1,1]
Slack of an operation is used to rank the operations
The lower the slack, the higher the urgency in the list is.
Operations with zero slack are always scheduled; otherwise the latency bound would be violated.
Scheduling such operations may require additional resources, i.e., updating a.
The remaining operations are scheduled only if they do not require additional resources

28. Let a = [l,1] T in the beginning.
At the first step for k = 1,
U1,1 = { v1,v2,v6,v8}.
two operations with zero slack,
( v1,v2) are scheduled.
Thus vector a = [2, 1] T .
For k = 2, U1,1 = {v10}, is selected and scheduled.
At the second step for k = 1,
U2,1 = {v 3 , v6, v8}. There are two operations with zero slack,
{ v 3 ,v 6} which are scheduled.
For k = 2, U2,2 = {v11} ,which is selected and scheduled.

29. At the third step for k = 1 ,
U 3,1 , = {v7,v8} which are selected.
For k = 2, U3.2 = (v4), which is selected and scheduled.
At the fourth step U4,2 = {v5,v9}. Both operations have zero slack.
They are selected and scheduled.
a is updated to a = [2,2]T.
Hence two resources of each type are required..

32. a1 = 3 multipliers and a2 = I ALU
a1 = 3 multipliers and a2 = I ALU. execution delays of the multiplier and the ALU are 2 and 1 respectively. ,
Multiplier
ALU
Start time
V1,v2,v6
v10 1 -
v11 2
V3,v7,v8 3 4 v4 5 v5 6 v9 7

33. Multiprocessor Scheduling and Hu's Algorithm
labels by αi;: i = 1 , 2 , , n) and let = α=max αi
p ( j ) be the number of vertices with label equal to j,
p(0) = 1, p(l) = 3. p(2) = 4,
p(3) = 2. p(4) = 2.

36. a = 3.
the first iteration of Hu's algorithm would select U = {V1, V2, V6, V8, V10}
schedule operations {V1,V2,V6) at the first time step, because their labels (a(1) =4, a(2) = 4, a(6) = 3) are not smaller than any other label of unscheduled vertices in U.
At the second iteration U = {V3,V7,V8,V10} and {V3,V7,V8) are scheduled at the second time step. .

37. Operations {V4,V9,V10} are scheduled at the third step,
{V5, V11} at the fourth
(Vn) at the last

38. Heuristic Scheduling Algorithms: Force-directed Scheduling
The time frame of an operation is the time interval where it can be scheduled.
Time frames : ( [tis , tiL] ); i = 0, I , n].
The operation probability is a function that is zero outside the corresponding time frame and is equal to the reciprocal of the frame width inside it
Probability of the operations at time l is {pi(l)i; = 0, I , , n }

39. Operations whose time frame is one unit wide are bound to start in one specific time step.
For the remaining operations, the larger the width, the lower the probability that the operation is scheduled in any given step inside the corresponding time frame.
The type distribution is the sum of the probabilities of the operations implementable by a specific resource type in the set {I, 2, , nres} at any time step of interest.
the type distribution at time 1 is {qk(l);k = 1 , 2 , .. . , nres}.
A distribution graph is a plot of an operation-type distribution over the schedule steps.

40. Operation v1, has zero mobility
Operation v1, has zero mobility. Hence p1( l ) = 1, p1(2) = p1(3) = p1(4) = 0.
Similar considerations apply to operation v2. Operation v6 has mobility 1. Its time frame is [I , 2].
p6(l) = p6(2) = 0.5 and p6(3) = p6(4) = 0.
Operation v8 has mobility 2.
Its time frame is [1, 3].
Hence p8(l) = p8(2) = p8(3) = 0.3 and p8(4) = 0.
Thus the type distribution for the multiplier (k = 1 ) at step 1 is q1 ( 1 ) = = 2.8.

41. Forces can be categorized into two classes.
1. set of forces relating an operation to the different possible control steps where it can be scheduled and called self-forces.
2. related to the operation dependencies and called predecessor/successor forces.

42. Consider the operation v6 . Its type is multiply (i.e., k = 1).
v6 can he scheduled in the first two schedule steps, and its probability is p6 = 0.5 in those steps and zero elsewhere.
Type probability q1(l) = 2.8 and q1(2) = 2.3.
When the operation is assigned to step 1,
its probability variations are for step 1
0-0.5 for step 2.
self-force = 2.8 * ( ) * ( ) = 0.25.
Force is positive, because the concurrency at step 1 of the multiplication is higher than at step 2.
when the operation is assigned to step 2,
self-force = 2.8 * ( ) * ( ) =

43. The assignment of operation v6 to step 2 implies the assignment of operation v7 to step 3.
Therefore the force of v7 related to step 3,
q1(2)(0- p7(2)) +q1(3)(1 – p7(3)) =
=2.3 * ( ) + 0.8* ( ) = is the successor force of v6
The total force on v6 at step 2 is the sum of its self-force and successor force = = -1.
The total forces on v6 at step1 and 2 are 1 and -1 , respectively.
Scheduling v6 at step 1 would thus increase the concurrency as compared to scheduling v6 at step 2