1. 1798 Rebellion Revision Causes:
Religious discrimination with only Protestant ascendancy (ruling class) holding
power. All of them were from Church of ireland and only members of C of I could
attend uni, be members of parliament or have important jobs.
Penal laws meant Catholics had very few rights.
Rural poverty with high rents and tithe to Anglican church.
Influence of American and French Revolution – idea of equality for all and a
republic.
Wolfetone and others established Society of United Irishmen to unite all Irish
men for a better parliament with less British control, to unite all religions and
work peacefully.
1793, Britain at war with France banned United Irishmen, Tone leaves
for America.
United Irishmen re form as a secret society and take an oath to FIGHT for a republic

2. Tone returns with French help under Lazare Hoche but they were impeded
by bad weather at Bantry Bay
British under General Lake used terror to crush United Irishmen, they burnt
houses, tortured people and used flogging, pitch capping and half hanging.
This made people more determined to rebel.
The government also used spies to find out information on the UI who kept the
government well informed

3. Main Events
1798: Spies in UI lead to capture of leaders, not including Tone.
Fighting began in Dublin, Meath, Carlow, Wicklow and Kildare
Easily defeated and prisoners treated brutally – sparked rising in Wexford.
UI were weakened by their lack of leaders and adequate weapons

4. Wexford
Rebels had some victories at Oulart Hill and Enniscorthy, led by Fr. John Murphy,
mainly due to the fact that they outnumbered the British.
The rebels then set up headquarters at Vinegar Hill.
Then moved on to Wexford town and set up the Committee of Public Safety,
Which organised food and restored order to the town.
The rebels however had no military training and were very poorly armed. Their main
weapons were pikes.
New British troops arrived and defeated one rebel group at New Ross, after the batttle
the British shot or hanged many rebel suspects.
In response, in Scullabogue rebels set fire to a barn
where over 100 prisoners were held.

5. Rebels were finally defeated at Vinegar Hill by the British under the command of
General Lake.
After the battle the government troops burnt the rebel field hospital.
Thousands of rebels were rounded up, many were executed without trial, while leaders such as Fr. John Murphy and Bagenal Harvey were hanged and their heads stuck on spikes.
Others were transported as convicts to Australia.

6. Another rebel army were defeated at Arklow.
As government forces advanced on Wexford town a mob attacked
a jail that contained Protestant prisoners.
100 Protestant prisoners were massacred by rebels on Wexford Bridge.

7. Ulster Protestants shocked by attacks in Wexford so rising was small.
Henry Joy McCracken led a small force in Antrim but was defeated.
Henry Munro was defeated in Balllinahinch.
Other leaders were hanged.

8. French Help
In August Tone arrived off Killala, Co. Mayo with man.
Initial success in Connaught with British retreating to Athlone.
British poured troops in and defeated French at Ballinamuck.
Irish massacred.
Another French fleet arrived off the coast of Donegal but were captured before
they landed.
Tone arrested and sentenced to death by hanging, but committed suicide in jail.

9. Robert Emmet
1803 Robert Emmet organised a rebellion that failed and he was hanged in
Thomas Street.

10. Consequences More than 40,000 deaths – mostly Irish.
Protestant Ascendancy terrified, if rebels had succeeded they would have
lost their land, power and even their lives.
Act of Union 1800 – the British abolished the Irish parliament and made Ireland
part of the UK, this union lasted until 1920.
Republicanism – Tone inspired later leaders with his ideas of a republic.
Others like Daniel O’ Connell turned from violence and achieved much through
peaceful means.
End of Protestant nationalism as they mistrusted the Catholics after the massacres,
they now started to look to Britain for protection and became strong supporters
of the Act of Union.

11. 2009 Section 6 Accounts
Q A. (v) (b)Henry VII
Wanted to divorce Catherine of Arragon because no male heir
Wanted to marry Anne Boelyn
Act of Supremacy
Church of England and Ireland
Dissolved all monasteries, convents etc and confiscated land
Married 6 times

12. (a) Calvin’s church in Geneva
No gambling ,dancing or heavy drinking
No dark clothes, jewellery, or make – up
Very plain undecorated churches
No crucifixes, statues, alters or stained glass windows
No musical instruments, these distracted from God
Main feature was the pulpit, pastor preached from here

13. (c) Ignatius Loyola
Founded the Jesuits in 1534
Was a soldier but got badly wounded
Aims:
To spread faith by missionary work
To educate the young and poor
Jesuits like an army, dedicated to the pope
Head called the general
Wrote a book called “ Spiritual Exercises”
Jesuits famous for education
Faced torture and death if caught preaching Catholic religion
Most famous missionary – Francis Xavier

14. QB. (iv) (a) Sport and Leisure
Discos, nightclubs etc replaced dancehalls
Computer games, wii etc
TV’s in all houses, less interaction with neighbours
Holidays abroad
Sport watched on tv, huge support for teams etc, multi – million pound industry
Cars on roads means sport now a leisure activity etc

15. (b)Transport
Families with more than 1 car
Huge congestion/ traffic jams on the roads
Motorways have improved driving conditions
Planes very common form of transport
DART , LUAS etc. Faster commutes etc.
Improve Quality Bus Coridoors

16. (c) Women
Free education, secondary school and university for more women
Marriage bar, women able to progress in chosen careers
Co- ed schools mean better range of subjects
More women in politics, woman president etc
Employment equality act 1977, same pay as men
Housework reduced due to new devices such as dishwasher etc

17. Q D. (v) (c)Struggle for Independence
Educated Indians see all males in Britain have a vote
India under British rule but not treated very well
Two parties emerge – Muslim League and Congress Party
Campaigned for local councils ,but mainly controlled by Hindus
Ghandi emerges as a leader, looks for independence through non violent means
Salt March
Ghandi demands independence in return for Indian help in WW2
Britain not able to afford colonies after the war, will leave in 1947
Muslims and Hindus cannot work together so partition necessary
Huge problems ensue such as violent riots etc

18. 2008 Section 6 accounts
QA.(iii) (a) Why Industrial Revolution began in Britain
Population explosion due to:
New foods and fewer famines
Healthier drinks
Medical discoveries eg. Vaccination against smallpox
Britain has natural resources such as coal needed for new machines
Lots of great inventors
All the new people need more food, clothes etc

19. (b) Living conditions
Not enough houses, whole families in one room
No running water or toilets
Few sewers, waste thrown into streets and streams
Smoke from factories causing lung disease etc
Typhoid caused from dirty water
TB from damp living conditions
Cholera from bad drains and dirty water

20. (c) Improvements in transport
Canals built which made it easier to carry heavy goods
Roads improved with firm foundations and good drainage ditches
Turnpike trusts meant good roads you had to pay tolls on
Stage coaches meant public transport
Mail coaches meant reliable postal service
Steam power used to fuel ships and locomotives
Trains were much quicker than stage coaches

21. Q B. (iv) Impact of changes in communications
RTE exposed people to new ideas, attitudes etc – less conservative
ideas were introduced about such issues as contraception etc
Exposed to new range of fashions, styles , designs etc.
People are now instantly reachable because of mobile phones
Skype means you can talk to people free of charge, through video you
can be in instant contact with family and friends
Information for school projects is much easier to get now

22. QC. (ii) (d) NICRA
Unionists controlled councils and discriminated against Catholics in terms of
jobs and houses
Better educated Catholics now led to setting up of NICRA
Set up in 1967 to look for : - one man, one vote
- end to discrimination in housing and jobs
Protest marches were initially peaceful, but Ian Paisley organised rival marches
at the same time which led to riots between the 2 groups
DUP was set up to oppose change
SDLP set up by John Hume and Gerry Fitt
Riots were seen on tv and embarrassed the British government

23. Q.D (ii) (a)Mussolini’s Political Achievements
After his March on Rome, he was made prime minister
Banned communists, then all parties
Ruled through propaganda, fear and youth policy
Signed the Lateran Treaty and made peace with the church
Invaded Abyssinia
Signed the Rome – Berlin Axis 1936
Signed the Pact of Steel 1939

24. (b)Education and youth control in Nazi Germany
Teachers had to join Nazi Teachers Association
Boys – Hitler youth
Girls – League of German girls
School – focus on physical fitness
Boys taught how to use guns
Propaganda ensured a strong following from youth

25. (c)Treatment of Jews Nuremburg laws – deprived of citizenship
Forbidden to marry a German
Jewish shops boycotted
Kristallnacht
Concentration camps
Final solution