1. Chapter 7 Urinary System Lesson 7.1
Arteriole
Bowman capsule
calyces/calices
calyx/calix
catheter
cortex
creatinine
electrolytes
erythropoietin (EPO)
filtration
glomerulus
hilum
Kidney meatus
Medulla micturition
Nephron nitrogenous waste
potassium (K+) reabsorption
renal artery renal pelvis
Renin
Journal question: What are the functions of the kidneys?
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

2. Chapter Goals
Name essential organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions.
Identify common pathological conditions.
Recognize how urinalysis is used and interpreted as a diagnostic test.
Define urinary-system-related combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes.

3. Introduction Nitrogenous wastes Kidneys urea creatinine uric acid
Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine
Maintain proper balance of
Water
Electrolytes
Acids
Why is nitrogenous waste excreted from the body in a soluble rather than gaseous form?
By what medium does urea travel to the kidneys?

4. Introduction (cont’d)
Kidneys also secrete
Hormones
Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure
Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates the red blood cell production in bone marrow
Kidneys also adjust amount of water and electrolytes for proper muscle and nerve function.
Are there other important functions performed by the kidneys?

5. Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)
Organs of the Urinary System in a Male
Have students name the organs of the urinary system labeled 1-4 in the figure.
What is the size and weight of a normal kidney?
What function is performed by the ureters?
What function is performed by the urinary bladder?
What function is performed by the urethra?

6. Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)
Female Urinary System
How does the female urinary system differ from the male urinary system?
What is the trigone and what function does it perform?
What is micturition?

7. QUICK QUIZ: 1. What is voiding? nitrogenous waste urination
outer section of the kidney
triangular area in the bladder
Correct answer is B: urination

8. QUICK QUIZ: 1. What is voiding? nitrogenous waste urination
outer section of the kidney
triangular area in the bladder
Correct answer is B: urination

9. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries
Arterioles carry blood to capillaries
Glomeruli filter blood
The renal artery branches into smaller arteries, arterioles, and glomeruli located throughout the cortex of the kidneys.
What is a glomerulus?
There are approximately one million glomeruli in the cortex of each kidney.
How does the kidney regulate blood pressure?
Why is maintenance of proper blood pressure important to the kidneys’ function?

10. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Glomerulus & Glomerular /Bowman Capsule
Blood passes through glomeruli
Glomerular (Bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus
Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule
What functions do the glomerulus, Bowman capsule, and renal tubule perform in the production of urine?
Why don’t proteins and blood cells usually appear in the urine?
What is the process of reabsorption?
What is secretion?
What substances make up urine? (Note: These substances become toxic if allowed to accumulate.)

11. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Three steps in the formation of urine
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
What functions are performed in each of the three steps in the formation of urine?
The combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule is called a nephron. (There are more than one million nephrons in a kidney.)

12. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Glomerulus and
a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.

13. QUICK QUIZ: Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney?
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
Correct answer is C: one million

14. QUICK QUIZ: Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney?
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
Correct answer is C: one million

15. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis
Illustration shows section of kidney
Notice how secretion and reabsorption are functions of the same organs.
Cup-like regions in the renal pelvis are called calyces or calices.
Where do all connecting tubules lead?
The renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter.
To which organ does the ureter lead?

16. How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Process of forming and expelling urine
How is urine flow from the bladder to the urethra controlled?
What triggers the need to urinate?
Urine finally exits the body through the urinary meatus.

17. Vocabulary (cont’d) arteriole calyx or calix Small artery
Cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvis
Refer to p. 216 for more detailed definitions.
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

18. Vocabulary (cont’d) catheter cortex creatinine
Tube for injecting or removing fluids
Outer region of an organ
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

19. Vocabulary (cont’d) electrolyte erythropoietin (EPO)
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water.
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow.
electrolyte
erythropoietin (EPO)
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

20. Vocabulary (cont’d) filtration glomerular capsule glomerulus hilum
Process whereby some substances pass through a filter
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule
Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney
Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
filtration
glomerular
capsule
glomerulus
hilum
How do each of these terms play a role in the urinary system?
Which organs are involved in filtering urine?

21. Vocabulary (cont’d) kidney meatus medulla
One of two bean-shaped organs which filter nitrogenous waste from the bloodstream to form urine
Opening or canal
Inner region of an organ
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

22. Vocabulary (cont’d)
nephron
nitrogenous waste
The functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

23. Vocabulary (cont’d) potassium (K+) reabsorption renal artery
An electrolyte regulated by the kidney
Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

24. Vocabulary (cont’d) renal pelvis renal tubules renal vein
Central collection region in the kidney
Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney.
What path does waste take through the urinary system?

25. Vocabulary (cont’d)
renin
sodium (Na+)
trigone
Hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure.
An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys.
Triangular area in the urinary bladder.
What is another term for urination?
What is renin and where is it formed?
Where is the trigone located?

26. Vocabulary (cont’d) urea ureter urethra
Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
One of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

27. Vocabulary (cont’d) Nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine
Process of expelling urine; also called micturition
uric acid
urinary bladder
urination
(voiding)

28. Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
cali/o , calic/o calyx (calix)
cyst/o urinary bladder
glomerul/o glomerulus
meat/o meatus
Combining Form Meaning
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

29. Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder
Combining Form Terminology Meaning
Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

30. Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
nephr/o kidney
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
Combining Form Meaning
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

31. Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
nephr/o hydronephrosis Condition of excess fluid (water) in the kidney.
Combining Form Terminology Meaning
Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stones) as shown in figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.

32. Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
vesic/o urinary bladder
Combining Form Meaning
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

33. Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
albumin/o albumin
azot/o nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
dips/o thirst
Combining Form Meaning
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

34. Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
kal/o potassium
ket/o, keton/o ketone bodies
lith/o stone
nat/o sodium
noct/o night
olig/o scanty
Combining Form
Or Suffix Meaning
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

35. Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary Symptoms (cont’d)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
-poietin substance that forms
py/o pus
-tripsy to crush
ur/o urea
urin/o urine
-uria urination; urine condition
Combining Form
or Suffix Meaning
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide?

36. Urinalysis Tests included in a urinalysis
Color = large amount of water in urine.
Appearance Smoky-red or brown indicates presence of blood in urine.
pH 6.5 (slightly acidic)
Protein test looks for albumin, which indicates a leak in the glomerular membrane
Glucose presence signals possibility of diabetes
Colorless urine = large amount of water in urine. Smoky-red or brown indicates presence of blood in urine.
Normal pH is 6.5 (slightly acidic).
Protein test looks for albumin, which indicates a leak in the glomerular membrane.
Glucose presence signals possibility of diabetes.

37. Urinalysis (cont’d) Tests included in a urinalysis
Specific gravity reflects amounts of wastes and minerals.
Ketone bodies appear when the body breaks down fat
Sediment abnormal particles
Phenylketonuria indicates a lack of enzyme, especially in infants. PKU test measures this
Bilirubin results from a hemoglobin breakdown
Specific gravity reflects amounts of wastes and minerals.
Ketone bodies appear when the body breaks down fat.
Sediment are abnormal particles.
Phenylketonuria indicates a lack of enzyme, especially in infants. PKU test measures this.
Bilirubin results from a hemoglobin breakdown.

38. QUICK QUIZ:
In a urinalysis, what does the test specific gravity reflect?
A. the chemical nature of urine
B. presence of albumin
C. blood in the urine
D. amount of wastes, minerals and solids in the urine
Correct answer is D: specific gravity compares the density of urine with that of water.

39. QUICK QUIZ:
In a urinalysis, what does the test specific gravity reflect?
A. the chemical nature of urine
B. presence of albumin
C. blood in the urine
D. amount of wastes, minerals and solids in the urine
Correct answer is D: specific gravity compares the density of urine with that of water.