1. Deficiency Disease Associated with malnutrition

2. Scurvy
In 1747 as the HMS Salisbury sailed from England to the Plymouth Colony, the ship's physician, James Lind, performed a simple experiment to determine what might be effective as a cure for scurvy. Scurvy was described as early as 1500 BC in the Ebers papyrus and other descriptions appeared in Greek and Roman writings. It struck the crew of Magellan's around the world journey in and a British report in 1600 indicated that in the previous 20 years some 10,000 mariners had been destroyed by the disease.
On May 20, 1747, Lind divided his 12 ill men into six groups of two each. All 12 shared a common diet for breakfast, lunch and dinner but each group received a different supplement as follows:
quart of apple juice daily
25 drops of elixir vitriol (sulfuric acid and aromatics)
two spoonfuls of vinegar three times a day
concoction of herbs and spices
half-pint of sea water daily
two oranges and one lemon daily
The two men who ate the oranges and lemon recovered immediately. One was fit for duty in six days and the other was also well in six days and was appointed as nurse to all the others. The two men who drank apple cider improved but were not well enough to work. None of the others showed any improvement.
Mr. Lind concluded that something in the citrus fruit was counteracting the cause of the scurvy disease so he gave citrus fruits to all the other men and observed that all were cured of the disease.

4. night blindness
inability to see normally in subdued light. It is usually a result of vitamin A deficiency. The rod cells, one of two light-sensitive areas of the retina of the eye, are impaired in their capacity to produce a chemical compound called rhodopsin, or visual purple, that is necessary for the perception of objects in dim light. Consequently, the visual threshold, or the minimum intensity of light necessary for sight, is greatly increased. Folk medicine has long recognized the role of the ingestion of liver in alleviating the condition, but it was not until the first quarter of the 20th cent. that vitamin A was identified as the crucial element. Treatment of night blindness consists of the oral or intravenous administration of vitamin A.

5. legs in a child with rickets
closeup of right knee

6. Examples of deficiency diseases
Scurvy – vitamin C
Night blindness – vitamin A
Rickets – vitamin D
Iron deficiency anaemia

7. Degenerative diseases
Usually associated with ageing
A gradual loss of function in one or several organs
or tissues can occur (associated with a progressive
destruction of specialised cells) in youth or middle age
Reasons for this loss of function:
- Immune system attack its own cells
- Deficiency in childhood which leads to
degeneration later in life.

8. scoliosis (a condition that causes the back bones to curve) obesity
Muscular Dystrophy
What is muscular dystrophy? Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a broad term that describes a genetic (inherited) disorder of the muscles. Muscular dystrophy causes the muscles in the body to become very weak. The muscles break down and are replaced with fatty deposits over time.
Other health problems commonly associated with muscular dystrophy include the following:
heart problems
scoliosis (a condition that causes the back bones to curve)
obesity
The most common form of muscular dystrophy is called Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (DMD). Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy usually affects only males. It occurs in one out of 3,500 live male births. Muscular dystrophy rarely affects girls, but when it does, the condition is normally not as severe.

9. Types of degenerative diseases
Skeletal muscle and nervous system
Examples: muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis,
motor neurone and Alzheimer’s
Cardiovascular
Examples: coronary heart disease and stroke
Cancers

10. Social diseases

11. Hydrologists estimate that when the amount of fresh water per person in a country drops below 1,700 cubic meters a year the country is facing water stress.

16. Factors affecting disease:
Social factors
Factors affecting disease:
Standard of housing – overcrowding/unhygienic
Environmental factors such as levels of pollution and
Purity of water supply
Lack of food – deficiency diseases
Excess of food – diseases associated with obesity
And cardiovascular disease
Occupation
Exposure and/or abuse of drugs