1. Classification and Treatment Plans
Chapter 2
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2. Experiences of Client and Clinician

3. Psychological Disorder: Experiences of Client and Clinician
Psychologist: Healthcare professional offering psychological services
Client: Person seeking psychological services
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4. The Client
Client - People in treatment collaborate with those who treat them
Patient carries with it the connotation of a passive rather than active participant
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5. The Clinician Clinician: The person providing treatment
Psychiatrists: People with degrees in medicine (MDs)
Receive specialized advanced training in diagnosing and treating people with psychological disorders
Clinical psychologist: A mental health professional with training in the behavioral sciences who provides direct service to clients
An important distinction between psychiatrists and psychologists is that psychiatrists are licensed to administer medical treatment and prescribe medications, and psychologists are not.
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6. The Clinician Two types of doctorates in psychology:
Doctor of philosophy (PhD)
Doctor of psychology (PsyD)
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7. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Researchers use diagnostic manuals to provide investigators with consistent terminologies to use when reporting their findings.

8. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Reliability: The degree to which clinicians provide diagnoses consistently across individuals who have a particular set of symptom
Validity: The extent to which a test, diagnosis, or rating accurately and distinctly characterizes a person’s psychological status
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9. Culture-Bound Syndromes
Recurrent patterns of abnormal behavior or experience that are limited to specific societies or cultural areas
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10. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
Mental health professionals outside the U.S. and Canada use the World Health Organization’s (WHO) diagnostic system, which is the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
WHO developed the ICD as an epidemiological tool.
(ICD-10) is currently in use.
ICD is available in WHO’s six official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish), as well as in 36 other languages.
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11. The Diagnostic Process
Principal diagnosis: The disorder that is considered to be the primary reason the individual seeks professional help
Comorbid: The situation that occurs when multiple diagnostic conditions occur simultaneously within the same individual
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12. The Diagnostic Process
Differential diagnosis: The process of systematically ruling out alternative diagnoses
Case formulation
Case formulation: A clinician’s analysis of the factors that might have influenced the client’s current psychological status.
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13. Cultural Formulation
Includes the clinician’s assessment of the client’s degree of identification with the culture of origin
The culture’s beliefs about psychological disorders, the ways in which the culture interprets particular events, and the cultural supports available to the client
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14. Planning the Treatment
Treatment plan: The outline for how therapy should take place
Goals of treatment
Immediate goals
Short-term goals
Long-term goals
Immediate goal of treating clients in crisis is to ensure that their symptoms are managed.
Short-term goals are aimed at alleviating the client’s symptoms by addressing problematic behavior, thinking, or emotions.
Long-term goals include more fundamental and deeply rooted alterations in the client’s personality and relationships.
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15. Planning the Treatment
Determine treatment site
Psychiatric hospitals
Specialized inpatient treatment centers
Outpatient treatment
Halfway houses and day treatment programs
Other treatment sites
Most clients receive outpatient treatment in which they are treated in a private professional office or clinic.
Community mental health centers (CMHCs): Outpatient clinics that provide psychological services on a sliding fee scale for individuals who live within a certain geographic area.
Halfway houses: Community treatment facility designed for deinstitutionalized clients leaving a hospital who are not yet ready for independent living.
Day treatment program: Structured program in a community treatment facility that provides activities similar to those provided in a psychiatric hospital.
Psychological treatment is provided in settings not traditionally associated with the provision of mental health services such as the schools and workplace.
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16. Modality of Treatment
Modality: Form in which the clinician offers psychotherapy
Individual psychotherapy
Family therapy
Group therapy
Milieu therapy
Individual psychotherapy: Psychological treatment in which the therapist works on a one-to-one basis with the client.
Family therapy: Psychological treatment in which the therapist works with several or all members of the family.
Group therapy: Psychological treatment in which the therapist facilitates discussion among several clients who talk together about their problems.
Milieu therapy: A treatment approach, used in an inpatient psychiatric facility, in which all facets of the milieu, or environment, are components of the treatment.
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17. Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology
Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research evidence and clinical expertise in the context of the cultural background, preferences, and characteristics of clients
Clinicians should base treatments on state-of-the-art research findings which they adapt to the particular features of each client.
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18. Treatment Implementation
Course of Treatment
The clinician’s role in treatment
The client’s role in treatment
Outcome of Treatment
Clinician’s Role - Quality of the relationship between the client and clinician is a crucial determinant of whether therapy will succeed or not.
Client’s Role - Psychotherapy is a joint enterprise in which the client plays an active role.
Describe and identify the nature of his or her disorder, to describe personal reactions as the treatment progresses, and to initiate and follow through on changes.
Outcome - Client remains in treatment until the treatment runs its course, shows improvement, and maintains this improved level of functioning.
Clinicians find it frustrating when their clients do not seem willing to follow through on their desire to change.
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