1. SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM BY PHOTO ELECTRIC SENSOR
Project Title
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SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM BY PHOTO ELECTRIC SENSOR

2. ABSTARCT
Here is a smart security circuit for your cash box that thwart the theft attempt by activating an emergency beeper.
A battery is provided to supply the power to the circuit with help of a switch. when cash box is closed LDR in dark state resets the IC CD4060 which goes low and has no impact on BC547 results Relay in off condition.

3. When LDR in bright mode, counter will start counting and oscillates resulting both transistors in ON condition indicating load ON and buzzer will blow. This circuit is mainly useful at Banks, Hotels, shopping malls, household appliances..etc

4. PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

5. HARDWARE COMPONENTS BATTERY IC 4060 BINARY COUNTER/DIVIDER LDR
BC548 –NPN TRANSISTOR
RELAY
BUZZER
PUSH BUTTONS
RESISTORS
CAPACITORS
LED

6. BATTERY
An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
The battery has become a common power source for many household, robotics and industrial applications.
Larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers

7. CD4060 (RIPPLE BINARY COUNTER/DIVIDER)
CD4060 consists of an oscillator section and 14 ripple carry binary counter stages.
The oscillator configuration allows design of either RC or crystal oscillator circuits.
A RESET input is provided which resets the counter to the all O’s state and disables the oscillator.
All counter stages are master slave flip-flops. All inputs and outputs are fully buffered.
Schmitt trigger action on the input pulse line permits unlimited input pulse rise and fall times.

8. FEATURES High Voltage Type (20V Rating) Common Reset
12MHz Clock Rate at 15V
Fully Static Operation
Buffered Inputs and Outputs
Schmitt Trigger Input Pulse Line
Standardized, Symmetrical Output Characteristics
100% Tested for Quiescent Current at 20V
5V, 10V and 15V Parametric Ratings
FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM

9. LDR(Light Dependent Resistor)
A photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a
resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident
light intensity. It can also be referred to as photoconductor.
If light falling on the device, the photons absorbed by the
semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump
into the conduction band.
The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct
electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

10. A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g. silicon.
Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device.
Example of extrinsic devices is phosphorous atoms

11. BC548 The BC548 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor.
The BC548 transistor is a general-purpose transistor in small plastic packages.
It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC848/BC548 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
Whenever base is high, then current starts flowing through base and emitter and after that only current will pass from collector to emitter

12. RELAY IT IS A ELECTRO MAGNETIC SWITCH
USED TO CONTROL THE ELECTRICAL DEVICES
COPPER CORE MAGNETIC FLUX PLAYS MAIN ROLE HERE

13. The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:
COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the itch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on

14. BUZZER
Piezo Buzzer
This buzzer is an piezo type audio signaling device, which has a piezo
element and a oscillating circuit inside which oscillates the piezo brass base
plate, which when given voltage difference produces sound of a predefined
frequency.
Features
These high reliability piezo buzzers are applicable to general electronics equipment.
Compact, pin terminal type Piezo buzzer with 4 KHz output.
Pin type terminal construction enables direct mounting onto printed circuit boards.

15. Working of Project
If the cash box is in closed condition the interior will be dark. Hence in the dark, LDR1 resets CD4060 and it stops oscillating and counting.
So neither the piezobuzzer sounds, nor the relay energizes, indicating that the cash box is closed.
If someone tries to open the door of the cash box, light most probably from the burglar’s pen torch falls on LDR fitted into the cash box. As a result, LDR conducts and goes low
Hence pin 14 of IC1 goes high for two seconds after the door is opened and goes low for another two seconds. So the piezobuzzer (PZ1) sounds for two seconds and then falls silent for the following two seconds. This cycle repeats until the cash box is closed

16. QUERIES ?

17. THANKYOU