1. Chapter 8 Female Reproductive System
adnexa uteri amnion
Areola Bartholin glands
Cervix chorion
corpus luteum cul‑de‑sac
Embryo endometrium
Estrogen fallopian tube
Fertilization fetus
Fimbriae follicle‑stimulating hormone (FSH)
Gamete genitalia
gestation
Journal question: What are the combining forms that are used with the female reproductive system?
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

2. Chapter Goals
Name and locate female reproductive organs and learn their combining forms.
Explain how these organs and their hormones function in the processes of menstruation and pregnancy.
Identify abnormal conditions of the female reproductive system and of the newborn.

3. Chapter Goals (cont’d)
Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures used in gynecology and obstetrics, and recognize related abbreviations.
Understand medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

4. Introduction Sexual Reproduction
This is the union of the nuclei of ovum and sperm cell.
Ovum and sperm cells are called gametes.
Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.

5. Introduction (cont’d)
Gametes
(ovum and sperm cell)
Gametes are produced in the gonads.
Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.

6. Introduction (cont’d)
Fertilization
An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tube.
Fertilization takes place if sperm cells. are present and unite with the ovum.
Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).

7. Organs of the Female Reproductive System
Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view.

8. QUICK QUIZ:
Fertilized egg implants, then divides to form a ball of cells, called a…
embryo
fetus
follicle
zygote
Correct answer is D: zygote

9. QUICK QUIZ:
Fertilized egg implants, then divides to form a ball of cells, called a…
embryo
fetus
follicle
zygote
Correct answer is D: zygote

10. Organs of the Female Reproduction System (cont’d)
Organs of the female reproductive system
anterior view
Refer to p. 254 in text

11. Organs of the Female Reproductive System (cont’d)
● The Breast
sagittal view
What is the role of sinuses in the breast?
Name the parts of the breast nipple.
Which hormones stimulate lactation?

12. Menstruation and Pregnancy
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Day Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular
secretions discharge from the body.
Day Estrogen aids repair of endometrium.
The ovum grows in the follicle.
Day Egg leaves the ovary and passes through
the fallopian tube.
Day Corpus luteum secretes progesterone;
uterus lining builds up.
Describe the menstrual cycle.
What is the first menstrual cycle called? (menarche)

13. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Does lack of fertilization cause low or high levels of progesterone and estrogen?
At what stage is the egg most likely to be fertilized?

14. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the uterine endometrium.
Placenta forms within the uterine wall.
Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity.
Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange between fetus and mother.
Placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
What is the placenta derived from?
What are the chorion and the amnion?
What is amniotic fluid?

15. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
A, Implantation in the uterus
B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta

16. QUICK QUIZ:
Corpus luteum secretes this monthly to build up the lining of the uterus…..
A. adreniline
B. estrogen
C. progesterone
D. hCG
Correct answer is C: progesterone

17. QUICK QUIZ:
Corpus luteum secretes this monthly to build up the lining of the uterus…..
A. adreniline
B. estrogen
C. progesterone
D. hCG
Correct answer is C: progesterone

18. QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
3. During Pregnancy what does the placenta secrete?
adreniline
hCG
progesterone
estrogen
Correct answer is B: hGC, human chorionic gonadotropin

19. QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
3. During Pregnancy what does the placenta secrete?
adreniline
hCG
progesterone
estrogen
Correct answer is B: hGC, human chorionic gonadotropin

20. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
Progesterone maintains placenta development.
Uterus expands as fetus grows.
Normal delivery fetal position is cephalic presentation (head first).
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

21. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
Three Phases of Labor
Dilation of the cervix
Birth of the infant
Delivery of the placenta
Which hormone does the placenta produce?
What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood)
How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

22. Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d)
A, Cephalic presentation B, Delivery of the placenta.

23. Hormonal Interactions
Pituitary secretes:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Pituitary stops producing FSH and LH
During pregnancy
With oral contraceptives
What is negative feedback?
How do oral contraceptives work?

24. Hormonal Interactions (cont’d)
Menopause
Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle
Normally begins between 45 and 55
Falling estrogen levels
Option for estrogen replacement therapy (careful consideration of risks required)
How does the IUD function to prevent pregnancy?
How does the diaphragm work to prevent pregnancy?
What are the risks of either method?

25. QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term refers to the inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus?
A. endometrium
B. fallopian tube
C. chorion
D. amnion
Correct answer is A: endometrium

26. QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term refers to the inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus?
A. endometrium
B. fallopian tube
C. chorion
D. amnion
Correct answer is A: endometrium

27. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
amni/o amnion
cervic/o cervix, neck
chori/o chorion
chorion/o chorion
colp/o vagina
Combining Form Meaning

28. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
culd/o cul-de-sac
episi/o vulva
galact/o milk
gynec/o woman, female
hyster/o uterus, womb
Combining Form Meaning

29. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
lact/o milk
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast
men/o menses, menstruation
metr/o uterus
Combining Form Meaning

30. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
my/o muscle
myom/o muscle tumor
nat/i birth
obstetr/o midwife
o/o egg
Combining Form Meaning

31. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
oophor/o ovary
ov/o egg
ovari/o ovary
ovul/o egg
perine/o perineum
Combining Form Meaning

32. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
phor/o to bear
salping/o fallopian tubes
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina
vulv/o vulva
Combining Form Meaning

33. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
-arche beginning
-cyesis pregnancy
-gravida pregnancy
-parous to bear, bring forth
Suffix Meaning

34. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
-rrhea discharge
-salpinx uterine tube
-tocia labor, birth
-version act of turning
Suffix Meaning

35. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
dys- painful
endo- within
in- in
intra- within
multi- many
Suffix Meaning

36. Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d)
nulli- no, not, none
pre- before
primi- first
retro- backward
Suffix Meaning

37. QUICK QUIZ: 5. Which term means removal of the breast? A. hysterectomy
B. mastectomy
C. mastitis
D. mammoplasty
Correct answer is B: mastectomy. Mammoplasty means surgical repair of the breast, while mastitis means inflammation of the breast and hysterectomy means removal of the uterus.

38. QUICK QUIZ: 5. Which term means removal of the breast? A. hysterectomy
B. mastectomy
C. mastitis
D. mammoplasty
Correct answer is B: mastectomy. Mammoplasty means surgical repair of the breast, while mastitis means inflammation of the breast and hysterectomy means removal of the uterus.

39. Pathology: Uterus Carcinoma of the cervix Cervicitis
Malignant cells within the cervix
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
Carcinoma of the endometrium
Malignant tumor of the uterus
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.

40. Pathology: Uterus (cont’d)
Fibroids
Benign tumors of the uterus
Figure shows location of uterine fibroids.
Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.
What is conization?
How is conization used to diagnose and treat CIS?

41. Pathology: Gynecological and Breast
Carcinoma of the breast
Fibrocystic disease
What is the most common type of breast cancer?

42. Pathology: Gynecological and Breast (cont’d)
Ovaries
Ovarian carcinoma
Malignant tumor of the ovary
Ovarian cysts
Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary
Fallopian Tubes
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Examples: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis

43. Pathology: Breast
Carcinoma of the breast Image A shows (arrows) mammogram of invasive carcinoma of the breast Image B is a cut section of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.

44. Chapter 8 Lesson 8.3 Abruptio placentae Choriocarcinoma
Ectopic pregnancy Placenta previa
Preeclampsia Amniocentesis
phor/o py/o
salping/o arche
-cele gravida
Journal question: Why would uterine artery embolization be used to treat fibroids?

45. Chapter Goals
Identify abnormal conditions of the female reproductive system and of the newborn child.
Explain important laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations related to gynecology and obstetrics.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports or records.

46. Pathology: Pregnancy Abruptio placentae Choriocarcinoma
Premature separation of the implanted placenta
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of the placenta
Ectopic pregnancy
Misplaced implantation of egg
Placenta previa
Preeclampsia
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Which term describes the emergence of the placenta before the baby?

47. Pathology: Neonatal Down syndrome Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hyaline membrane disease
Hydrocephalus
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Pyloric stenosis

48. Pathology: Neonatal (cont’d)
APGAR SCORING CHART
Assessment of newborn
Scoring 1 to 5 mins after birth

49. Clinical Tests and Procedures
Pap test (Pap smear)
Pregnancy test
Procedures
X-rays
Ultrasound
Gynecological procedures
Procedures during pregnancy
For what tests is a speculum used?
What types of x-rays are used to examine the reproductive organs?
What is the purpose of hysterosalpingography (HSG)?

50. Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Gynecological procedures
Laparoscopic
oophorectomy
A, Ovary placed in plastic bag.
B, Extracted through the laparoscope

51. Clinical Tests and Procedures
Procedures during pregnancy
Amniocentesis
Needle placement guided by ultrasound images.

52. Review Sheet (cont’d) amni/o amnion cephal/o head
COMBINING FORMS
amni/o amnion
cephal/o head
cervic/o cervix, neck
chori/o, chorion/o chorion
colp/o vagina
Combining Form Meaning

53. Review Sheet (cont’d) culd/o cul-de-sac episi/o vulva galact/o milk
COMBINING FORMS
culd/o cul-de-sac
episi/o vulva
galact/o milk
gynec/o woman, female
hyster/o uterus, womb
Combining Form Meaning

54. Review Sheet (cont’d) lact/o milk mamm/o breast mast/o breast
COMBINING FORMS
lact/o milk
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast
men/o menses, menstruation
metr/o uterus
Combining Form Meaning

55. Review Sheet (cont’d) my/o muscle myom/o muscle tumor nat/i birth
COMBINING FORMS
my/o muscle
myom/o muscle tumor
nat/i birth
obstetr/o midwife
olig/o scanty
o/o egg
Combining Form Meaning

56. Review Sheet (cont’d) oophor/o ovary ov/o egg ovari/o ovary ovul/o egg
COMBINING FORMS
oophor/o ovary
ov/o egg
ovari/o ovary
ovul/o egg
perine/o perineum
Combining Form Meaning

57. Review Sheet (cont’d) phor/o to bear py/o pus
COMBINING FORMS
phor/o to bear
py/o pus
salping/o fallopian tubes
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina
vulv/o vulva
Combining Form Meaning

58. Review Sheet (cont’d) -arche beginning -cele hernia -cyesis pregnancy
SUFFIXES
-arche beginning
-cele hernia
-cyesis pregnancy
-ectasis stretching, dilation
-ectomy removal, excision
Suffix Meaning

59. Review Sheet (cont’d) -flexion flexible -genesis producing; forming
SUFFIXES
-flexion flexible
-genesis producing; forming
-gravida pregnancy
-itis inflammation
-pareunia sexual intercourse
-parous to bear, bring forth
Suffix Meaning

60. Review Sheet (cont’d) -plasia development, formation
SUFFIXES
-plasia development, formation
-plasty surgical repair
-ptosis dropping, sagging
-rrhagia bursting forth (blood)
-rrhaphy suture
Suffix Meaning

61. Review Sheet (cont’d) -rrhea discharge -salpinx uterine tube
SUFFIXES
-rrhea discharge
-salpinx uterine tube
-scopy visual examination
-stenosis tightening
-stomy new opening
Suffix Meaning

62. Review Sheet (cont’d) -tocia labor, birth -tomy process of cutting
SUFFIXES
-tocia labor, birth
-tomy process of cutting
-tresia opening
-version act of turning
Suffix Meaning

63. Review Sheet (cont’d) bi- two dys- painful endo- within in- in
PREFIXES
bi- two
dys- painful
endo- within
in- in
intra- within
multi- many
Prefix Meaning

64. Review Sheet (cont’d) nulli- no, not, none oxy- swift, sharp
PREFIXES
nulli- no, not, none
oxy- swift, sharp
peri- surrounding
pre- before
Prefix Meaning

65. Review Sheet (cont’d) primi- first pseudo- false retro- backward
PREFIXES
primi- first
pseudo- false
retro- backward
uni- one
Prefix Meaning