1. Higher Human Biology Subtopic 15 Cardiovascular Disease
Physiology and Health
Higher Human Biology
Subtopic 15
Cardiovascular Disease

2. PPQ’s

8. vena cava
prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle /from the aorta
ventricular systole

9. Learning Intentions
To explain the process of atherosclerosis and its effect on arteries and blood pressure
To explain what thrombosis is and the effect that it has on the arteries

10. Coronary Heart Disease
Heart disease is a major problem in Scotland, especially in more deprived areas.
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11. Atherosclerosis hardening of the arteries
build up of fatty material (mainly cholesterol), fibrous material and calcium.
forms an atheroma (or plaque) under the epithelium lining the artery.

12. Large atheromas…… Lead to : Narrowing of the lumen
Restriction of blood flow
increase in blood pressure

13. Large plaques can harden
Arteries lose elasticity
Symptoms may go unnoticed!

15. Contributing factors to the development of atherosclerosis
High blood pressure
Carbon monoxide in cigarettes
Diabetes
High blood cholesterol levels

16. Consequences
Atherosclerosis can lead to the development of various cardiovascular diseases like:
Coronary heart disease (including angina)
Strokes
Heart attacks (myocardial infarction)
Peripheral vascular disease

17. Blood Clotting Protective mechanism to prevent blood loss
The enzyme, prothrombin, is inactive in the blood.
To clot blood…
Prothrombin (inactive enzyme)
Clotting factors
Thrombin (active enzyme)
Fibrinogen (soluble protein)
Fibrin (insoluble protein)
Sticky web forms a clot

18. Thrombosis
Atheroma's make inside the arteries uneven and disrupt blood flow
It can burst through the endothelium and damage it.
Thrombosis (the formation of a blood clot in a vessel) may occur

19. Thrombosis

21. Embolus When a thrombus breaks loose
It travels through the blood and can block arteries

22. Coronary thrombosis
The coronary artery supplies oxygenated blood to the heart. If the embolus blocks a coronary artery it may lead to a heart attack.

23. Connects the aorta
to the coronary
artery using a vein
from the leg

24. Stroke
If a blood clot blocks an artery supplying the brain, this can lead to a stroke.
In both heart attack and stroke, tissue death can occur due to a lack of oxygen.

25. Peripheral Vascular Disease
Narrowing of the other arteries (not those to the heart and brain)
Mostly affects the legs
Pain starts due to restricted oxygen supply to the cells (e.g. in exercise)

26. Deep Vein Thrombosis
A blood clot that forms in a deep vein most commonly in the leg.
The leg can become swollen with blood and if the clot breaks off this can result in a pulmonary embolism.

27. This can be treated using anticoagulant drugs
Pulmonary Embolism
This can be treated using anticoagulant drugs

28. Learning Intentions
To explain the process of atherosclerosis and its effect on arteries and blood pressure
To explain what thrombosis is and the effect that it has on the arteries

29. The Heart….Bingo !! Thrombus Stroke Thromboplastin Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Atherosclerosis
Systolic
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Artery
Vein
Capillary
Hepatic portal vein
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Noradrenaline
Acetylcholine
CAC
CIC
Hypertension
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein