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Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values
Chapter Two
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MARS Model of Individual Behavior
Situational factors Values Personality Perceptions Emotions Attitudes Stress Motivation Individual behavior and results Ability Role perceptions
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Employee Motivation Internal forces that affect a person’s voluntary choice of behavior direction intensity persistence R BAR S M A
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Employee Ability Natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task Competencies personal characteristics that lead to superior performance Person job matching selecting developing redesigning R BAR S M A
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Employee Role Perceptions
Beliefs about what behavior is required to achieve the desired results: understanding what tasks to perform understanding relative importance of tasks understanding preferred behaviors to accomplish tasks R BAR S M A
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Situational Factors Environmental conditions beyond the individual’s short-term control that constrain or facilitate behavior time people budget work facilities R BAR S M A
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Defining Personality Relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics Behavior patterns reflect underlying stable traits Some variability, adjust to suit the situation
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Nature vs Nurture of Personality
Heredity explains about 50 percent of behavioral tendencies and 30 percent of temperament preferences Minnesota studies of twins, including those separated at birth, very similar behavior patterns But nurture also counts -- socialization, life experiences, learning Personality stabilizes over time executive function uses our self-concept to guide behavior
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Big Five Personality Dimensions (CANOE)
Conscientiousness Careful, dependable Agreeableness Courteous, caring Neuroticism Anxious, hostile Openness to Experience Sensitive, flexible Extroversion Outgoing, talkative
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Personality & Performance
Conscientiousness and emotional stability Motivational components of personality Strongest personality predictors of performance Extroversion Linked to sales and mgt performance Related to social interaction and persuasion Agreeableness Better performance in jobs requiring cooperation and helpfulness Openness to experience Linked to higher creativity and adaptability to change
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Self-concept: the “I” in Organizational Behavior
Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values Yasmeen Youssef Fairmont Hotels & Resorts
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Fairmont’s Success Begins with Self-Concept
Yasmeen Youssef (shown in photo) received a huge boost in her self- esteem and self-concept when she joined Fairmont Hotels & Resorts soon moving from Egypt to Canada. “I was worried no one would take a chance on me, would believe in me,” Youssef recalls. “Everything changed when I started working at Fairmont.” Yasmeen Youssef Fairmont Hotels & Resorts
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Self-Concept Defined An individual’s self-beliefs and self-evaluations
It is the “Who am I?” and “How do I feel about myself?” that people ask themselves and that guide their decisions and actions. Includes self-enhancement, self-verification, and self-evaluation
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Three “C’s” of Self-Concept
Complexity People have multiple self-concepts Consistency Improved wellbeing when multiple self-concepts call for similar personality traits and values Clarity Self-concepts are clearly and confidently described, internally consistent, and stable across time. Self-concept clarity requires self-concept consistency
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Three “Selves” of Self-Concept
Self-enhancement Promoting and protecting our positive self-view Self-verification Affirming our existing self-concept (good and bad elements) Self-evaluation Evaluating ourselves through self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control
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Self-Concept: Self-Enhancement
An innate human drive to promote and protect a positive self-view of being competent, attractive, lucky, ethical, valued Most evident in situations that are common and are important to us People with a positive self-concept have better personal adjustment and mental/physical health tend to inflate personal causation and probability of success
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Self-Concept: Self-Verification
Motivation to verify and maintain our existing self- concept Stabilizes our self-concept -- anchors our thoughts and actions People prefer feedback that is consistent with their self-concept Effects of self-verification We ignore or reject info inconsistent with self-concept We interact more with those who affirm/reflect self- concept
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Self-Concept: Self-Evaluation
Self-evaluation defined mainly by self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control Self-esteem Global self-evaluation High self-esteem -- less influenced, more persistent, more logical Self-efficacy Belief in one’s ability, motivation, role perceptions, and situation to complete a task successfully (i.e. MARS analysis) General vs task-specific self-efficacy Locus of control General belief about the amount of personal control over life events Higher self-evaluation with internal locus of control
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The Social Self An individual’s social identity
Personal identity -- defining ourselves in terms of things that make us unique in a situation Social identity -- defining ourselves in terms of groups to which we belong or have an emotional attachment We identify with groups that have high status -- aids self-enhancement Contrasting Groups Cisco Systems Employee Employees at other firms An individual’s social identity Live in the United States People living in other countries Graduates of other schools University of Denver Graduate
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Values in the Workplace
Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values
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Values in the Workplace
Stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences Define right or wrong, good or bad Value system -- hierarchy of values Espoused vs. enacted values: Espoused -- the values we say and often think we use Enacted -- values we actually rely on to guide our decisions and actions
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Schwartz’s Values Model
Openness to change Self-enhancement Self-transcendence Conservation
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Schwartz’s Values Model
Openness to change -- extent to which a person is motivated to pursue innovative ways Conservation -- the extent to which a person is motivated to preserve the status quo Self-enhancement -- how much a person is motivated by self-interest Self-transcendence -- the motivation to promote the welfare of others and nature Openness to change Self-transcendence Conservation Self-enhancement
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Values and Behavior Habitual behavior usually consistent with values, but conscious behavior less so because values are abstract constructs Decisions and behaviors linked to values when: Mindful of our values Have logical reasons to apply values in that situation Situation does not interfere
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Values Congruence Values congruence -- where two or more entities have similar value systems Problems with incongruence Incompatible decisions Lower satisfaction and commitment Increased stress and turnover Benefits of (some) incongruence Better decision making (diverse values)
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Individualism High Individualism
U.S. The degree that people value independence and personal uniqueness Italy India Denmark Taiwan Low Individualism
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Collectivism High Collectivism
The degree that people value their duty to groups to which they belong and to group harmony Italy Taiwan India Denmark U.S. Low Collectivism
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Power Distance High Power Distance
Malaysia The degree that people accept an unequal distribution of power in society Venezuela Japan U.S. Denmark Israel Low Power Distance
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Uncertainty Avoidance
High U. A. Greece Japan The degree that people tolerate ambiguity (low) or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty avoidance). Italy U.S. Singapore Low U. A.
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Achievement-Nurturing
Japan The degree that people value assertiveness, competitiveness, and materialism (achievement) versus relationships and well-being of others (nurturing) China U.S. France Chile Sweden Nurturing
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Three Ethical Principles
Utilitarianism Greatest good for the greatest number of people Individual Rights Fundamental entitlements in society Distributive Justice People who are similar should receive similar benefits
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Influences on Ethical Conduct
Moral intensity degree that issue demands ethical principles Ethical sensitivity ability to recognize the presence and determine the relative importance of an ethical issue Situational influences competitive pressures and other conditions affect ethical behavior
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Supporting Ethics at Coors
Long before it was a priority at other firms, Coors Brewing Company developed training programs and reward systems that explicitly strengthen ethical conduct.
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Supporting Ethical Behavior
Ethical code of conduct Ethics training Ethics officers Ethical leadership and culture
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Individual Behavior, Personality, and Values
Chapter Two
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