1. Millimeter Wave IC Design
Anurag Nigam

2. Introductions Name of Instructor:…Anurag Nigam……………………………
Anurag holds Master of Technology Degree in Satellite Technology and Applications from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He has 10 years of design experience in RFIC/MMIC Designs in various companies. Currently, Anurag is a Senior Designer with NatTel Microsystems. His main area of interest is High Speed Mixed Signal IC Design.
Contacts: Ph. No ,
Name of Instructor:…Anurag Nigam……………………………
Participant’s Name:……………………………………………...
Nature of Job:……………………………………………………
Area of Focus:…………………………………………...

3. Theme Day 1- Background Preparation
Maxwell Equations-Physical Interpretation & Application
Interconnects- Design, Mismatch, & Insertion Losses
GaAs Process- Pseudomorphic HEMTs, Inductors, & MIM Capacitors
Process Introduction
Day 2- Power Amplifier, MMIC Design Example
DC Characterization- Biasing Decoupling, Biasing Techniques, Thermal Stability
Small Signal Characterization- Matching & Stability
Large Signal Characterization- Single Tone Analysis, Matching across Power
Load Pull
Day 3- Design Refining, Layout & Design Post Processing
Modulated Signal- QAM16 Input, Ptolemy & Circuit Co-simulations
Linearity- Two Tone Analysis, IP3, ACPR, & EVM
On-chip Power Combiners & Dividers
Layout & Tiling

4. Design Areas
Single Transistor Gain Stage in SiGe IHP Process operating at 60 GHz
Bias Decoupling using Quarter Wave Lines G S
Vdd
Load Match
Source Match
Passive Design & Modeling
Matching Techniques
Bias Decoupling
Device Characterization
DC Characterization
Small Signal Matching
Stability
Large Signal Matching
Matching for Linearity
Linearity Characterization
Spectral Re-growth
Signal Integrity
Layout
EM-Circuit Co-simulation

5. Tutorial1: Maxwell’s Equations
Day 1
Direction of Propagation
Right Hand Thumb Rule Q
Tutorial1: Maxwell’s Equations

6. Important Variables Units Electric Field Intensity
Magnetic Field Intensity
Electric Flux Density
Electric Current Density
Magnetic Current Density
Electric Charge Density
Magnetic Charge Density
Electrical Conductivity
Units

7. Maxwell’s Equations Definition of Curl Right Hand Thumb Rule
Surface Electric Current Density
Electric Current Density Due to Medium Conductivity and Electric Field
Time Varying Electric Flux Density
Direction of these vectors is normal to the plane in the direction as shown in figure
Definition of Curl
Stoke’s Theorem

8. Maxwell’s Equations Definition of Curl Right Hand Thumb Rule
Surface Magnetic Current Density
Time Varying Magnetic Flux Density
Direction of these vectors is normal to the plane in the direction as shown in figure
Definition of Curl
Stoke’s Theorem

9. Maxwell’s Equations Definition of Divergence
Electric Charge enclosed by the surface Q
Surface Integral of Normal Component of Electric Flux Density over closed surface
Definition of Divergence
Divergence Theorem

10. Maxwell’s Equations Definition of Divergence Qm=0
Magnetic Charge enclosed by the surface is Zero
Surface Integral of Normal Component of Magnetic Flux Density over closed surface
Definition of Divergence
Divergence Theorem

11. Substrates (Boards or Laminates)
Metal 1- Copper plated with gold
Metal 2- Copper plated with gold
Dielectric (Laminate/Substrate) W L d
In a charge free medium, Electromagnetic Waves travel due to change of electric and magnetic flux densities with time. Electric and Magnetic Fields are set up in a medium referred to as substrate. Electric and Magnetic fields are normal to each other and to the direction of propagation for TEM (Transverse Electric and Magnetic) Waves.
Direction of Propagation

12. Constitutive Relations
Electric and Magnetic Flux Density are related to Electric and Magnetic Field Intensity using material dependent constants. These relations are called Constitutive Relations.
Polar & Anisotropic
Anisotropic
Isotropic
Magnetic
Dielectric
Insulators &
Semiconductors
Direction Dependent Constants
Direction Independent Constants
Constant of proportionality relating Electric Flux Density and Electric Field Intensity is Constant of Permittivity and that relating Magnetic Flux Density and Magnetic Field Intensity is Constant of Permeability.

13. Constitutive Relations
For medium with conductivity (Electric Charge Mobility), Electric Current Density is related to Electric Field Intensity by Ohm’s Law.
Conductors
As there are no free magnetic charges there is no Magnetic Current Density.
Linear & Non-Linear Substrates
In case constant of permittivity, permeability or conductivity vary with Field intensity, material is Non-Linear otherwise it is linear. Commonly used substrates in microwave circuits are linear.
Dispersive & Non-Dispersive Substrates
In case constant of permittivity or permeability vary with frequency of EM wave, material is dispersive. Non-dispersive substrates are preferable for broadband applications.
Permittivity
frequency
Dispersive
Substrate
Input Pulse
Output Pulse

14. Dielectric Materials Electric Polarization
Dipoles align resulting in smaller Electric Field Intensity in medium + - E P
Normal Component of applied E causes electric dipoles to align D
Normal Component of D is continuous unless charge is stored at interface
Polarization Flux Density P is introduced for continuity
where
Is the dielectric constant of free-space (8.854e-12) F/m
Is the relative dielectric constant. It is a complex number

15. Dielectric Loss
Alternating Electric Field Intensity causes electric dipoles to oscillate. Damping of these dipoles causes loss known as Dielectric Loss. Dielectric loss is represented by imaginary part of complex dielectric constant.
Phasor Form of Maxwell’s Equation
Field Vectors can vary in time with periodic nature that can be decomposed into sinusoidal basis functions. Thus field vectors in Maxwell’s Equations can be assumed to be sinusoidal and be represented in Phasor Form as follows
Electric Dipoles when Time Varying E is applied
Ratio of real to imaginary part is measure of dielectric and conductor loss to reactive energy stored in substrate. This ratio is known as Loss Tangent.
Loss Tangent