1. Taxonomy
TEACHER NOTES

2. Classify the following words into 3 groups.
Apple Packers Eggplant Eagles
Giants Cucumber Pineapple Saints
Pepper Banana Mango Onion

3. Classification
grouping of information or objects based on similarities
Ex: Music genres, silverware, clothing
Taxonomy
Science of grouping and naming organisms
Taxonomists = scientists who give each species a unique name

4. Scientific Names
Come from one of two “dead” languages- Latin or ancient Greek.
Why would we use a dead language?

5. Scientific Name: Puma concolor
Mountain Lion
Devil Cat
Cougar
Ghost Cat
Puma
Catamount
Florida
Panther
Over 50 common names for this animal (varying according to region).

6. What does the term binomial nomenclature mean to you?
Why is it beneficial to have a consistent naming system and avoid using common names?
What does the term binomial nomenclature mean to you?
Avoid confusion and allow everyone around the world to speak about organisms.
1. To eliminate confusion and provide a universal language to speak about organisms

7. What do we notice about the name?
Genus species
Gelae baen

8. Binomial Nomenclature
A two-part scientific naming system for organisms
Part one: Genus (capital)
Part two: species
Based on Latin
Always written in italics if typed or underlined if written by hand

9. Technically… Puma concolor.
Pittsburgh Panthers Penn State Nittany Lion

10. Guess as many common names as you can.
Camelus dromedarius
Felis domesticus
Canis lupis
Homo sapien
Giraffa camelopardalis
6. Panthera leo
7. Panthera tigris
8. Diceros bicornis
9. Bubo scandiacus
10. Equus Caballus
11. Wunderpus photogenicus

11. Guess as many common names as you can.
Camel
Domestic Cat
Wolf
Human
Giraffe
6. Lion
7. Tiger
8. Black Rhino
9. Owl (snowy)
10. Horse
11. Octopus (wonderpus)

12. Check 4 Understanding scaptia beyonce Heerz lukenatcha
Explain what is wrong with the following scientific names:
scaptia beyonce
Heerz lukenatcha
chewbacca (species) Polemistus (genus)
Humphrey Boghart anyone?

13. C4U
Write down 3 important facts about binomial nomenclature. 1. 2. 3.

14. 3 Domains
Domains are the largest level of classification for organisms in the modern world.
Includes:
Archaea (ancient single celled organisms)
Bacteria
Eukarya (organisms with a nucleus -> basically everything else)

15. Archaea
Live in extreme environments (hydrothermal vents, Dead Sea, Antarctic ice & hot springs)
Some of the earliest life forms on Earth
Microscopic
Unicellular (1 cell)
- No nucleus

16. 2. Bacteria Decomposers Some are beneficial and some cause disease
Microscopic & unicellular
No nucleus

17. 3. Eukarya Contain a nucleus Can be multi or unicellular 4 Kingdoms:
Plantae  multicelluar
Animalia  multicellular
Fungi  multicellular
Protista  unicellular

18. Check 4 Understanding
What are the 3 domains? Give one characteristic for each domain.

19. Carl Linnaeus
Father of Taxonomy- Created the scientific classification system still in use today
His system has 7 levels that range from very broad to very specific

20. Each level is included in level above it.
Kingdom Very Broad
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species Very Specific

21. How to remember? King Phillip Came Over For Green Soup Kingdom Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Green
Soup
Work with your partner to create your own! It helps you to remember the information better.

22. Your way of Remembering:
K________________
P________________
C________________
O________________
F________________
G________________
S________________

23. Broad!
Specific!

24. Classification for Lion
Kingdom: Animalia (animal kingdom)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrates)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (carnivores)
Family: Felidae (cats)
Genus: Panthera
Species: leo
Scientific Name: Panthera leo

25. Check 4 Understanding
List the 7 levels of classification.

26. 1. What is the broadest level of classification?
C4U- Turn & Talk
1. What is the broadest level of classification?
2. What is the most specific level of classification?

27. C4U Which contains more species- class or family?
Term for a group of related species?
Term for group of related phyla?
Term for a group of related orders?
Class (broad)
Genus
Kingdom
Class

28. Limitations of Linnaean System
Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for DNA evidence (didn’t have the technology).
Linnaeus based his system only on physical similarities.
Doesn’t always mean they are closed related. DNA shows a closer evolutionary relationship than physical characterists.
Actually called cryptic species (look alike but not related).

29. Black Bear Domestic Cat Lion Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Ursidae
Felidae
Genus
Ursus
Felis
Panthera
Species
americanus
domesticus
leo
Have students answer the questions on the following slide.

30. Analyzing Classifications
Which of the 3 organisms are most closely related? How do you know?
Lion and Domestic Cat  Have up to Family in common, where as the bear has a different family. The more levels they have in common, the more closely related they are.

31. Analyzing Classifications
At what level do black bears and lions separate?
2. At what level do lions and house cats separate?
Family
Genus

32. Which are most closely related?
Horned Owl Spectacled Owl Snowy Owl

33. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Horned Owl
Spectacled Owl
Snowy Owl
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Aves
Order
Strigiformes
Family
Strigidae
Genus
Bubo
Pulsatrix
Species
virginianus
perspicillata
scandiacus
Have students answer the questions on the following slide.

34. Analyzing Classifications
Which of the 3 organisms are most closely related? How do you know?
Snowy and Horned owl Have up to Genus in common, whereas the bear has a different Genus. The more levels they have in common, the more closely related they are.

35. Analyzing Classifications
At what level do horned owls and spectacled owls separate?
2. At what level do snowy owls and horned owls separate?
Genus
Species

36. Cladistics
determines evolutionary relationships by grouping species on the basis of shared characteristics
Clade: group of species that share a set of characteristics
Cladogram

38. 3 Assumptions about Cladistics
Organisms within a group are descended from a common ancestor.
There is a bifurcating pattern (divides something into 2 branches).
Basically, changes in characteristics cause new species to arise.
Lower on the tree = less closely related
Higher up on the tree = more closely related

39. 3. Change in characteristics occurs in lineages over time → Takes time for organisms to change.
Point of Cladistics: Determining the evolutionary relatedness of different species
Change/evolve over long periods of time which allow us to separate them into different groups.

40. How to Make Cladograms
When creating a cladogram, scientists looks for the simplest pathway between different species by looking at small differences.
Molecular (DNA) data can confirm previous classification that was based on physical characteristics but it can also lead to new classifications.

42. Important Facts Traits behind organism = they have
Traits after organism= they do NOT have
Common ancestors = where the organism’s lines meet
Closer together = more closely related

43. Questions What do both the chimpanzee and the hamster have in common?
Chimp and lizard?
Hamster and salamander?

44. More Questions…
1. Where would the common ancestor be for lizards and salmon?
F-or chimpanzees and lizards?
-For hamsters and salamanders?
2. Which 2 animals are the least closely related?
Chimp and salamander OR chimp and hamster?

45. Cladograms Importance
What can 3 things can we learn from cladograms?
If organisms share common ancestors
A general idea of closely related organisms are
General hypothesis as to how organisms have evolved by gaining or losing traits.

46. Dichotomous Key Purpose: Easily identify unknown organisms
Presented with a sequence of choices between two statements based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

47. Example:
Does the organism have:
One pair of wings
Two pairs of wings